See price list. Kostka J. E.; Stucki J. W.; Nealson K. H.; Wu J. Seawater samples were also taken from four sampling points of surrounding port water using Niskin water sampler. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Amplification of gyrB gene was carried out using two degenerated primers, UP1 (5-GAA GTCATCATGACCGTTCTGCAYGC NGGNGGNAARTTY GA-3) and UP2R (5-AGC AGGGTACGATGTGCGAGCCRTCNACRTCN GCRTCNGTCAT-3) with the following conditions: Initial denaturation at 94C for 1 min, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94C for 1 min, primer annealing at 60C for 1 min, primer extension at 72C for 2 min, and final extension at 72C for 7 min [38]. Thus, the ability of S. algae isolates in this study to exhibit beta-hemolytic activity on sheep blood and human blood agar suggested their potential as putative pathogen. The bacteria has also been shown to derive energy by reducing uranium, manganese, Vanadium, and Technetium (Min). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Volume 25. p. 225229. Torri A, Bertini S, Schiavone P, Congestri F, Matteucci M, Sparacino M, Testa G, Pedna M.F, Sambri V. Dey S, Bhattacharya D, Roy S, Nadgir S.D, Patil A, Kholkute S.D. Laboratory Exercise II continued Ballast water samples were taken from nine ballast tanks of nine-unit ships docked at Port Klang, Malaysia. (b) Maximum-likelihood tree. The lower occurrences of interspecies sequence similarities in gyrB gene compared to 16S rRNA described in this study implied a better resolution to distinguish S. algae isolates from its closely related species, S. haliotis and S. upenei. Guinetti-Ortiz K, Bocanegra-Jess A, Gmez de la Torre-Del Carpio A. Medwave. When P. fluoresens is present in microbial film with Shewanella putrefaciens it outcompetes and limits its growth (Bagge). 1995. Thus, it is considered necessary for microbes to contain more than one extracellular enzyme to be virulent. Six of the adults had associated traumatic lesions of the lower extremity, and of the eight patients who died of sepsis, six were neutropenic. Front Med (Lausanne). You may switch to Article in classic view. (Medium 948, 26C or Medium 605, 26C). An immunocompetent 24-year-old female with rheumatic heart disease and mitral and aortic valve insufficiency presented with high-grade fever of 15 days duration. "Shewanella (Pseudomonas) putrefaciens bacteraemia". The most common clinical symptoms described in human infections by S. algae are bacteremia, cellulitis, and chronic otitis media [18]. Benu Dhawan, Rama Chaudhry, [], and Rajiv Agarwal. How is Shewanella algae diagnosed? Advertisers Access Statistics Resources. Studies done by Applied and Environmental Microbiology society looked deeper into this problem and the possibility that Shewanella Putrefaciens colonies on the equipment may be the source of further bacterial pollution while also causing corrosion of the equipment itself. Human Infection with Shewanella putrefaciens and S. algae: Report of 16 Cases in Martinique and Review of the Literature. 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. Biogenic Fe(II-III) hydroxycarbonate green rust has recently emerged as a candidate to reduce nitrite without ammonium production under abiotic conditions. 1Then to it add 0.6ml of 5% alpha naphthol, then 0.2 ml of 40% KOH. As summarized in Table-3, multiple resistance was observed against oxacillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, novobiocin, tobramycin, colistin, and rifampicin. While for human blood agar preparation, human blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers by a medical laboratory technician of the UKM Health Center. Comparison of the biochemical and enzymatic profiles displayed by the presumptive Shewanella isolates with other Shewanella type strains (S. algae IAM 14159, S. putrefaciens ATCC 8071, and S. haliotis JCM 14758), as shown in Table-2, suggested all strains as S. algae. Based on the comparative analysis of phylogenetic tree, the gyrB gene seems to be more reliable and useful than 16S rRNA for describing phylogenetic relationship at the species level. Shewanella algae is ubiquitous in marine-associated environments and has been increasingly recognized as a significant human pathogen that can cause serious infections mainly associated with exposure to seawater and ingestion of raw seafood. [24]. gyrB sequences from ballast water isolates against several nearest S. algae sequences from GenBank database allows for reasonable interpretation in determining the most likely origin of each isolates from the ballast tank. In the last few decades a growing number of cases have been described. The presence of S. algae in both ballast water and port water samples raises the possibility that some species may have been transported there through ballast water. 2007. The portal can access those files and use them to remember the user's data, such as their chosen settings (screen view, interface language, etc. Each experiment included a group of the same condition but without microbes as the negative control. Skin and soft tissue infections due to, Cimmino T, Olaitan A.O, Rolain J.M. "Biogenic iron mineralization accompanying the dissimilatory reduction of hydrous ferric oxide by a groundwater bacterium". The isolates were identified and characterized based on biochemical and enzymatic properties, 16S rRNA and gyrB sequencing, biofilm formation capability, and antibiotic susceptibility. J. Bacteriol. The infected fish showed skin hemorrhage, fin rot and shallow necrotizing ulcers on . Preparation of genomic DNA from bacteria. Studies on antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Shewanella spp. Salmon pink colonies were seen on MacConkey agar. John E. Bennett MD, in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 2020 Shewanella Species. Previous study by Altug et al. Rare cases of necrotizing soft-tissue infection [21], rupture of aortic aneurysm [22], peritonitis [23], and endocarditis was reported by Davidson et al. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The diameter of inhibition zone around each antibiotic disk was measured to the nearest millimeter. [3] [4] [5] Japanese Journal . The site is secure. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. The .gov means its official. The infections described most commonly involve ears, skin and soft tissue, with or without bacteraemia. The PCR conditions were as follows: Initial denaturation at 94C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94C for 1 min, 55C for 1 min, and 72C for 2 min, with a final extension at 72C for 10 min. This means that Shewanella infections occur in warm climates or during especially warm summers in temperate climates. In: Gilardi G L, editor. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on gyrB gene sequences of Shewanella algae Sa-BW1, Sa-BW2, Sa-BW7, Sa-BW8, and some other closely related S. algae strains. Ruiz G.M, Rawlings T.K, Dobbs F.C, Drake L.A, Mullady T, Huq A, Colwell R.R. Cosmochim. Accessibility eCollection 2022. Four of five S. putrefaciens isolates produced unacceptable profile numbers on the API 20E system (no. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Bhandari, S, Pan, TL, Horvath, J, Tiller, D.CAPD, "Swimming in Shewanella". GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses. Shewanella algae and Shewanella putrefaciens: clinical and microbiological characteristics. Veterinary World remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published institutional affiliation. "Shewanella Putrefaciens". Li F, Li Y, Sun L, Li X, Yin C, An X, Chen X, Tian Y. Zong Z. In this retrospective study we describe 28 cases of S. putrefaciens bacteremia: 16 in premature and 1-day-old neonates, 9 in adults, and 3 in children younger . Domnguez H, Vogel B.F, Gram L, Hoffmann S, Schaebel S. Nozue H, Hayashi T, Hashimoto Y, Ezaki T, Hamasaki K, Ohwada K, Terawaki Y. Gressier M, Mbayo D, Deramond H, Grados F, Eb F, Canarelli B. Int J Infect Dis. The obtained sequence data were aligned and analyzed using BioEdit Version 7.0. Details of each ballast water samples are shown in Table-1. The ability of S. algae isolates to form a strong biofilm formation, as shown in this study suggested a significant advantage for the survival adaptation of this species in ballast tank. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.11.007. Aliquots of 0.1 mL of the culture were spread on to plates of tryptone soya agar (Difco, Sparks, USA), supplemented with 1.5 % NaCl (TSAs) and incubated daily at 22 C. O'Toole G.A. Fluke E.C, Carayannopoulos N.L, Lindsey R.W. Clays Clay Miner. The strains showed gyrB gene sequence similarities of 97.7-98.9% to S. upenei, 97.5-97.9% to S. haliotis, and 73.1-95.2% to other Shewanella species. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In freshwater animals, and in particular fish species of trout, the bacteria has been shown to cause disease. Shewanella is the sole genus included in the marine bacteria family Shewanellaceae.Some species within it were formerly classed as Alteromonas. Other studies showed that S. algae can cause black spot disease to farmed freshwater shrimp, Penaeus vannamei and lesion in reared tonguefish, and Cynoglossus semilaevis [19,26]. No anaerobic organisms were isolated. Richards G.P, Watson M.A, Crane E.J.M, Burt I.G, Bushek D. Drake L.A, Doblin M.A, Dobbs F.C. Biochemical tests of S.putrefaciens (MTTC8410) The S.putrefaciens (MTTC8410) was qualitatively investigated for its ability to produce various enzymes viz, amylase 25, cellulose 26, chitinase 27, gelatinase 28, tryptophanase 29, citrase, L-asparginase 30, protease 31, tannase 32, oxidase and catalase by appropriate standard method. However, suppose the ballast water that contains the S. algae were released during cargo loading, the species will be transferred to local port water. Triggers multiple biochemical changes that accelerates metabolism, promoting the aging and deterioration of fruits and vegetables, even in low temperature conditions (Li et al., 2018; Wei et al., 2021). Pure colonies with distinct morphologies were tested for the following key characteristics of Shewanella, according to the description by Holt and Bruun [18]: Gram stain, motility, cytochrome oxidase, catalase reaction (3% H2O2), and H2S production using sulfide indole motility medium. Primary. Volume 62. p. 32393257. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The isolates shared sequences similarities of 98.9% (SA-BW1) and 99.2% (Sa-BW2, Sa-BW7, and Sa-BW8), to S. haliotis DW01 and 92.8-98.7% similarities to the other Shewanella species used in the phylogenetic analysis. 2016. Learn more Shewanella putrefaciens is a metal reducing, facilitate anaerobe and this quality contributes to its ability to be used in biotechnology. is ubiquitous in marine-associated environments and widely spread in nature throughout the world. The same goes to the species present in local water during unloading cargo process where ballasting procedure could transport the species into ballast tank to another port of call. Shewanella algae is a gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacillus with a single polar flagellum.S. This bacterium can attach to biotic/abiotic surfaces to form biofilms which contribute to seafood quality degradation and shelf-life reduction. Screening of halophilic bacteria and, Gram L, Bundvad A, Melchiorsen J, Johansen C, Vogel B.F. Shewanella species in the two cases were primarily identified as S. algae and S. putrefaciens by VITEK 2 system using the ID-GN card (boiMrieux), and then were confirmed as S. haliotis and S. upenei by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. 0602026 and 0602006); the fifth strain generated a rare biotype number for S. putrefaciens. Clinical findings Shewanella putrefaciens is a rare human pathogen and may be found in . Shewanella putrefaciens: A gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium primarily isolated from sea water, which reduces iron and manganese and produces trimethylenethe chemical responsible the stench of rotting fish; it is not part of normal human flora. 2022 Oct 17;12:1042977. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1042977. In a standard Kirby-Bauer sensitivity test (8), the organism was sensitive to amikacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and piperacillin. The samples were then subjected to biochemical tests. Download scientific diagram | Biochemical test result of Shewanella putrefaciens. [18]. Shewanella putrefaciens is a gram-negative bacillus belonging to the family Vibrionaceae (7). The occurrence of the two Shewanella species found in clinical specimens, Shewanella algae and Shewanella putrefaciens, correlates with the temperature and salinity of seawater. 1 . "Ore Geology Reviews". doi: 10.5867/medwave.2016.10.6642. The tree also revealed a very close phylogenetic relationship of the isolates with Shewanella upenei 20-23R with a same sequence similarities values as in S. algae ATCC 51192. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Dr Mohan Z Mani "Thank you very much for having published my article in record time.I would like to compliment you and your entire staff for your promptness, courtesy, and willingness to be customer friendly, which is quite unusual.I was given your reference by a colleague in pathology,and was able to directly phone your editorial office for . official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Antimicrobial susceptibility testing with AST-N055 card (bioMerieux) showed susceptibility to all antibiotics except cefazolin. Streptococci give a negative catalase test, while staphylococci are catalase-positive. ; 04-01-02-SF1244) and Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (Grant no. strings of text saved by a browser on the user's device. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The adhesion or attachment ability of Shewanella putrefaciens was determined on steel, plastic, glass, PVC and wood. 2022 Jul 2;19(13):8137. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19138137. "Shewanella" May 4, 2010. MUST KNOW IN BACTERIOLOGY. putrefaciens are favoured by high pH values. These scenarios would validate the ballast water potential as a vector for global spread of microorganisms. (a) Neighbor-joining tree. However, the adaptation allowing survival in marine environment could also allow for colonization of living hosts if the bacteria get the opportunity to enter the host. It was identified as Shewanella putrefaciens by the automatic identification systems using Vitek II (bioMerieux, Marcy-L'Etoile, France) and API 20NE (bioMerieux) with a probability of identification of 99.9%. The findings in these 28 cases confirm the fact that S. putrefaciens can invade the bloodstream; however, the presence of concurrent bacteremia makes it difficult to determine the pathogenic role of this organism in septicemia. 1998. Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of, DeFrank J.J, Beaudry W.T, Cheng T.C, Harvey S.P, Stroup A.N, Szafraniec L.L. Negative reactions were observed for indole, methyl-red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate tests. Volume 20. p. 13271332. However, the discharge of ballast water near ports risks the transport of invasive species, including pathogenic species from one continent to another. Shewanella putrefaciens - to show the importance of doing an oxidase test first. However, the topology of NJ tree based on the gyrB gene (Figure-2a) showed that these isolates clustered monophyletically, apart from S. upenei and S. haliotis. Isolation and characterization of. Almost the same topology was observed in ML tree of gyrB gene (Figure-2b). These characteristics grouped the S. algae isolates into mesophilic and halophilic Shewanella strains as reported by several studies [45-47]. The MAR index was used as a tool to assess the risk of the isolates coming from a region of high or low antibiotic use. As for aquatic species, S. algae has been identified as a causative agent of ulcer disease for marine fish species, Scinenops ocellata and abalone, Haliotis diversicolor [11,25]. Negative control wells contained only marine broth were added in the assay, while suspension of Staphylococcus aureus from UKM Biotechnology and Marine Microbiology Laboratory culture collection was included as positive control. Careers. Andreou L.V. As with all Shewanella, this organism produces hydrogen sulfide on TSI. A comparison of microbial water quality and diversity for ballast and tropical harbor waters. The mechanism of S. putrefaciens biofilm formation is not yet described. Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of aerobic bacteria: approved standard. 1997. Human infection with Shewanella putrefaciens and S. algae: report of 16 cases in Martinique and review of the literature. Pathogenicity of two isolates (Pt38 and K116) for freshwater fish was assayed. The S. algae isolates showed independent branching from S. haliotis and S. upenei based on gyrB gene with similarities values of 97.0-97.9% and 97.7-98.5%, respectively, which were much lower than in 16S rRNA (>99%). Shewanella spp. The occurrence of the two Shewanella species found in clinical specimens, Shewanella algae and Shewanella putrefaciens, correlates with the temperature and salinity of seawater.This means that Shewanella infections occur in warm climates or during especially warm summers in temperate climates. "Journal of Clinical Microbioliology". Department of Microbiology and The BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. . p. 22401. Cr(VI) is a ubiquitous pollutant that poses a serious threat to human health. The fact that the S. algae isolates from this study itself were isolated from ballast tanks of different ballast water sources (port of origin) would validate the role of ballast water in transporting the bacterial species around the world, contributing to the global spread. Laupland KB, Stewart AG, Edwards F, Paterson DL, Coulter S, Heney C, George N, Harris P. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Jul;89(1):151-6. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0055. Therefore, in this study, we applied a combination of differential proteomics, metabolomics, and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR techniques to identify bacteria intracellular metabolites. S. putrefaciens was identified by its biochemical reactions at 24 h (5). Bacterial genomes used in this study. (b) Maximum-likelihood tree. and transmitted securely. This organism has rarely been isolated from clinical material. The topology of the phylogenetic tree was evaluated by a bootstrap analysis through 1000 replications. government site. We found Shewanella putrefaciens to be the primary bacteria in the terrestrial sewage wastewater outlets around Ningbo City, China. government site. Polymicrobial bacteremia caused by Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, and Shewanella putrefaciens. The presence of putative pathogenic strains in ballast water suggested that ships carry a potential risk to local marine environment, should they release the pathogenic strains during ballasting operation. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine However, in recent whole-genome sequencing S. haliotis and S. upenei were proposed as a later heterotrophic synonym of S. algae [53-55]. Since then, the list of pathogenic species detected in ballast water has increased, including Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium spp., several species of Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Staphylococcus, the coral pathogens Serratia marcescens, and Sphingomonas spp. All isolates showed positive reaction for cytochrome oxidase, catalase, high tolerance to NaCl (6% and 8%), ability to grow at 42C, and on Salmonella-Shigella agar. All strains reduced nitrate to nitrite and produced acid from glucose but not from sucrose, maltose, and lactose. The capability of all S. algae isolates in this study to produce extracellular enzymes such as lipase, protease, DNase, and hemolysin could be inferred as part of adaptive mechanism for the species to survive in their respective marine environment. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Ecology and Biotechnology of the Genus Shewanella. A MAR index >0.2 indicates a high-risk source of contamination. The .gov means its official. FOIA Weisburg W.G, Barns S.M, Pelletier D.A, Lane D.J. The strains also exhibited b-hemolytic activity on sheep blood and human blood agar, positive reaction for lipase, protease, DNase and gelatinase, strong biofilm adherence capabilities and multiple antibiotic resistances against ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, colistin, novobiocin, oxacillin, penicillin, rifampicin, and tobramycin which suggested their potential pathogenicity. Amikacin, gentamicin, cefotaxime, and gelatinase were detected from all strains Liu P.Y, Lee,. 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