29, 269281. (, Phylogenetic relationship among CIPKs from different plants. 6, pp. 65, 846858. Helianthus (/ h i l i n s /) is a genus comprising about 70 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae commonly known as sunflowers. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0909222107, Kanno, Y., Hanada, A., Chiba, Y., Ichikawa, T., Nakazawa, M., Matsui, M., et al. Some stresses to the plants injured them as such that plants exhibit several metabolic dysfunctions [1]. G. M. Abogadallah, Antioxidative defense under salt stress, Plant Signaling and Behavior, vol. ROS Homeostasis in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. The PUT thus formed functions as a primary substrate for higher polyamines such as SPD and SPM biosynthesis. Genetic variations and differential responses to salinity stress in plants differing in stress tolerance enable plant biologists to identify physiological mechanisms, sets of genes, and gene products that are involved in increasing stress tolerance and to incorporate them in suitable species to yield salt tolerant varieties. Heliotropism persists on cloudy days when the sun is not shining brightly, meaning that the movement is endogenous as a trained and continuous process. Polyamines are low molecular weight aliphatic nitrogen compounds positively charged at physiological pH [7]. doi: 10.1105/tpc.108.059576, Dugas, D. V., Monaco, M. K., Olsen, A., Klein, R. R., Kumari, S., Ware, D., et al. In recent years, it has become apparent that ROS plays an important signaling role in plants, controlling processes such as growth, development and especially response to biotic and abiotic environmental stimuli. An understanding of how these systems are regulated and ameliorate the impact of water stress on plant productivity will provide the information needed to improve plant stress tolerance using biotechnology, while maintaining the yield and quality of crops. Van Oosten, A. Sharkhuu, G. Batelli, R. A. Bressan, and A. Maggio, The Arabidopsis thaliana mutant air1 implicates SOS3 in the regulation of anthocyanins under salt stress, Plant Molecular Biology, vol. AtMYB61, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor controlling stomatal aperture in Arabidopsis thaliana. Scarcity of water is a severe environmental constraint to plant productivity. Gain- and loss-of-function mutations in Zat10 enhance the tolerance of plants to abiotic stress. Z. Kovcs, L. Simon-Sarkadi, A. Szucs, and G. Kocsy, Differential effects of cold, osmotic stress and abscisic acid on polyamine accumulation in wheat, Amino Acids, vol. 2022 Oct 12;13:965745. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.965745. This site plays an essential role in conferring salt tolerance [29]. The three-dimensional structure of chickpea CIPKs was described by protein homology modelling. [8], The common sunflower is the national flower of Ukraine, cultivated there for several centuries.[9]. 16201635, 2008. The systems that regulate plant adaptation to water stress through a sophisticated regulatory network are the subject of the current review. 13, pp. Alexandre De Oliveira. Effects on chloroplast development and on chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling. Ishida, T., Osakabe, Y., and Yanagisawa, S. (2012). Plant adaptation or tolerance to salinity stress involves complex physiological traits, metabolic pathways, and molecular or gene networks. However in stress tolerant plant species, exposure to a particular stress leads to acclimation to that specific stress in a time time-dependent manner [1]. A subset of cytokinin two-component signaling system plays a role in cold temperature stress response in Arabidopsis. Sci. The accumulation of ABA can mitigate the inhibitory effect of salinity on photosynthesis, growth, and translocation of assimilates [158, 159]. Yin, A.-F. Yang, K.-W. Zhang, and J.-R. Zhang, Production and analysis of transgenic maize with improved salt tolerance by the introduction of AtNHX1 gene, Acta Botanica Sinica, vol. 6, pp. Transformation of imt gene in plants shows a result similar to that observed in the case of mltd gene. Plants have evolved complex physiological and biochemical adaptations to adjust and adapt to a variety of environmental stresses. T. Takahashi and J.-I. The retrograde signaling plays an important role in regulating the chloroplastic processes and also in the adaptive responses to environmental stresses (Chan et al., 2010). 2, pp. 2018;218:414431. M. Roy and R. Wu, Overexpression of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene in rice increases polyamine level and enhances sodium chloride-stress tolerance, Plant Science, vol. BMC Genomics 9:553. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-553, Moulin, M., McCormac, A. C., Terry, M. J., and Smith, A. G. (2008). 2, pp. 13211336, 2012. Carlos Bartoli, Naoya Fukuda, Hiroshi Ezura . Sci. 162190, 2010. 4, pp. The major members of the ROS family include free radicals like The concentration of compatible solutes within the cell is maintained either by irreversible synthesis of the compounds or by a combination of synthesis and degradation. 120, no. 62, no. Plants are subjected to a wide range of environmental stresses which reduces and limits the productivity of agricultural crops. 6, pp. 8, pp. 52, no. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Higher plants have a remarkable ability to synthesize a vast array of metabolites that differ in chemical complexity and biological functions playing an indispensible role in stress alleviation [229, 230]. eCollection 2022. doi: 10.1038/nature06720, Nekrasov, V., Staskawicz, B., Weigel, D., Jones, J. D., and Kamoun, S. (2013). 1, pp. EL has a negative effect on photosynthesis when the rates of photosynthesis are reduced by water stress (Li et al., 2009; Osakabe and Osakabe, 2012). 91, no. U.S.A. 98, 20532058. 8493, 2009. S. S. Hussain, M. Ali, M. Ahmad, and K. H. M. Siddique, Polyamines: natural and engineered abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants, Biotechnology Advances, vol. 444, no. 4967, 2012. 7, no. Arborists choose to pursue formal certification, which is available in some countries and varies somewhat by location. 755767, 2009. [83] in their recent review have argued that there are three main traits in plants, which help them in their adaptation to salinity stress: ion exclusion, tissue tolerance, and salinity tolerance. Salinity is a major abiotic stress limiting growth and productivity of plants in many areas of the world due to increasing use of poor quality of water for irrigation and soil salinization. 97, no. Genetically modified plants have proven to be the great effort against biotic stresses in plants by developing resistant varieties of crop plants. The .gov means its official. A. Tisi, R. Angelini, and A. Cona, Wound healing in plants: cooperation of copper amine oxidase and flavin-containing polyamine oxidase, Plant Signaling and Behavior, vol. Positive regulatory role of strigolactone in plant responses to drought and salt stress. (2013). Genomics technologies have helped to address the multigenicity of the plant abiotic stress responses. Heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Zn, Hg and arsenic are for long being accumulated in soils through anthropogenic activities (Fig. 168, no. (2004). Plants on the basis of adaptive evolution can be classified roughly into two major types: the halophytes (that can withstand salinity) and the glycophytes (that cannot withstand salinity and eventually die). 249, no. 1, pp. Si treatments reduced the sodium accumulation resulting in low electrolytic leakage and lipid peroxidation compared to control plants under salinity stress. 1283212836, 2001. 5-6, pp. 168, no. reaches six inches and produces flowers it begins to attract more pollinators. doi: 10.1038/nature07992, Skirycz, A., and Inze, D. (2010). 17-18, pp. When personal safety is an issue, or the tree is being removed, arborists may use 'spikes', (also known as 'gaffs' or 'spurs') attached to their chainsaw boots with straps to ascend and work. Genes located in both cytoplasm and nuclei are indicated by blue font. 9, pp. 197232, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2013. College-based courses include further education qualifications, such as national certificate, national diploma, while higher education courses in arboriculture include foundation degree, bachelor's degree and master's degree. It was observed that plant deficient in ADC1 and ADC2 is hypersensitive to stress [131]. ABA-induced stomatal closure and gene expression are reduced in the atabcg40 mutation, resulting in reduced drought tolerance (Kang et al., 2010). Natl. Iuchi, S., Kobayashi, M., Taji, T., Naramoto, M., Seki, M., Kato, T., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.11.002, Mochizuki, N., Brusslan, J. Plant Cell 15, 23202332. C. Illingworth, M. J. Mayer, K. Elliott, C. Hanfrey, N. J. Walton, and A. J. Michael, The diverse bacterial origins of the Arabidopsis polyamine biosynthetic pathway, FEBS Letters, vol. Introduction. Similar results were observed in the experiment which was carried out with rice where class 1 HKT transporter removes excess Na+ from xylem, thus protecting the photosynthetic leaf tissues from the toxic effect of Na+ [38]. 80, pp. Depending on the jurisdiction, there may be a number of legal issues surrounding the practices of arborists, including boundary issues, public safety issues, "heritage" trees of community value; and "neighbor" issues such as ownership, obstruction of views, impacts of roots crossing boundaries, nuisance problems, disease or insect quarantines, and safety of nearby trees. (2003). A large number of genes and proteins, such as HKT and NHX, encoding K+ transporters and channels have been identified and cloned in various plant species. N-carbamoyl-putrescine is converted to PUT by the enzyme N-carbamoyl-putrescine aminohydrolase [106, 107]. Two primary effects are imposed on crop plants by salt stress; osmotic stress and ion toxicity. It is often affected by several abiotic stressors that result in reduced yields and poor growth. 12, pp. Fukuda and Tanaka [162] demonstrated the effects of ABA on the expression of two genes, HVP1 and HVP10, for vacuolar H+-inorganic pyrophosphatase, and of HvVHA-A, for the catalytic subunit (subunit A) of vacuolar H+-ATPase in Hordeum vulgare under salinity stress. 8, pp. More than 50% reduction in crop plants occur due to abiotic stresses worldwide which is the main cause of crop loss [5]. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The levels of endogenous polyamines can be increased by application of exogenous polyamines, which has been attempted before or during stress [9, 10]. S. T. Kim, S. G. Kim, G. K. Agrawal, S. Kikuchi, R. Rakwal et al., Rice proteomics: a model system for crop improvement and food security, Proteomics, vol. P. Ahmad and M. N. V. Prasad, Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants: Metabolism, Productivity and Sustainability, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2012. 4, pp. T. Serra, D. D. Figueiredo, A. M. Cordeiro et al., OsRMC, a negative regulator of salt stress response in rice, is regulated by two AP2/ERF transcription factors, Plant Molecular Biology, vol. 2022 Oct 13;13:1003155. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1003155. In temperate conditions plants are encountered by chilling and freezing conditions that are very harmful to plants as stress. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2004.02105.x, Vanderauwera, S., Zimmermann, P., Rombauts, S., Vandenabeele, S., Langebartels, C., Gruissem, W., et al. 82, pp. The, Expression profiles of CIPK genes in different stages of seed in chickpea in, Expression profiles of CIPK genes under drought, salt and ABA treatments in chickpea., MeSH 46, no. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Besides conferring salt tolerance it also regulates pH homeostasis, membrane vesicle trafficking, and vacuole functions [32, 33]. 430438, 2011. Heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Zn, Hg and arsenic are for long being accumulated in soils through anthropogenic activities (Fig. [195] further revealed that OsEREBP1 transcript level is not significantly affected by salt, ABA, or severe cold (5C) and is only slightly regulated by drought and moderate cold. This matches with the sun as it rises from the east and falls in the west. 987992, 2002. 59, pp. 4-5, pp. A. Besson-Bard, A. Pugin, and D. Wendehenne, New insights into nitric oxide signaling in plants, Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol. 2, pp. 23, no. Salinity-induced ROS formation can lead to oxidative damages in various cellular components such as proteins, lipids, and DNA, interrupting vital cellular functions of plants. 2009;14:3742. 2, pp. A. Marmagne, M.-A. Many works on the transformation of plants for improving salinity tolerance focus on genes controlling ion transport, as regulation of Na+ uptake and compartmentalization is a critically important mechanism for plant survival under salinity stress, and many candidate genes controlling this mechanism have been identified. Sunflowers attract different beneficial pollinators (e.g., honey bees) and other known insect prey to feed on and control the population of parasitic pests that could be harmful to the crops. Two transcription factors, OsEREBP1 and OsEREBP2, belonging to the AP2/ERF family were shown to bind to the same GCC-like DNA motif in OsRMC promoter and to negatively regulate its gene expression. 64, no. It also does not occur in a growth chamber when exposed to 16 hours of light or in greenhouses, suggesting that the plants require a directional, moving light source. 300311, 2011. Different root cell types show a different Ca 2+ response to osmotic and salt stresses and this implies the cellular specificities of Ca 2+ patterns. Improved plant growth under salinity stress by exogenous application of NO was associated with increases in antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, GPX, APX, and GR [151], and suppression of malondialdehyde (MDA) production or lipid peroxidation [152]. Osmotic stress responses and plant growth controlled by potassium transporters in Arabidopsis. 5, pp. 12781285, 2011. 56, no. Plant Cell Environ. The genomes uncoupled (gun) mutants, gun4 and gun5, exhibit impaired generation of Mg-Proto that has been shown to act as a signal to repress LHCB gene expression in Arabidopsis (Mochizuki et al., 2001; Strand et al., 2003; Pontier et al., 2007). Comparing genomic expression patterns across plant species reveals highly diverged transcriptional dynamics in response to salt stress. Abiotic stress responses in plants Nat Rev Genet. Kopyra and Gwd [148] further showed that the pretreatment of L. luteus seedlings for 24h with 10M SNP resulted in efficient reduction of the detrimental effect of the abiotic stressors on root growth and morphology. Breaking the code: Ca2+ sensors in plant signalling. Besides developing mechanisms for stress tolerance, microorganisms can also impart some degree of tolerance to plants towards abiotic stresses like drought, chilling injury, salinity, metal toxicity and high temperature. Furthermore, recent findings on molecular mechanisms involved in protecting photosynthesis in order to adjust plant growth during water stress are discussed. Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from that which does not, and is defined by the capacity for growth, reaction to stimuli, metabolism, energy transformation, and reproduction. Sci. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03780.x, Wohlbach, D. J., Quirino, B. F., and Sussman, M. R. (2008). A. D. Hanson, B. Rathinasabapathi, J. Rivoal, M. Burnet, M. O. Dillon, and D. A. Gage, Osmoprotective compounds in the Plumbaginaceae: a natural experiment in metabolic engineering of stress tolerance, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 837846, 2002. 173179, 1992. (2014). 54, no. 4, pp. Acad. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2655, Nishiyama, R., Watanabe, Y., Fujita, Y., Le, D. T., Kojima, M., Werner, T., et al. 34, no. The expression pattern of AIT1/NRT1.2/NPF4.6 was similar to ABCG25 and also showed vascular tissue-specificity (Kanno et al., 2012). 471475, 2000. Non-coding RNAs fine-tune the balance between plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. 29392947, 2011. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers354, Osakabe, Y., Kajita, S., and Osakabe, K. (2011). Wu, G.-D. Yang, Q.-W. Meng, and C.-C. Zheng, The cotton GhNHX1 gene encoding a novel putative tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporter plays an important role in salt stress, Plant and Cell Physiology, vol. Pea plants grown under saline (150mM NaCl) stress showed an enhancement of both APX activity and S-nitrosylated APX, as well as an increase of H2O2, NO, and S-nitrosothiol (SNO) content that can justify the induction of the APX activity. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 651681, 2008. 11411149, 2006. 435449, 2004. Y. Osakabe, K. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. Shinozaki, and L. S. Tran, Sensing the environment: key roles of membrane-localized kinases in plant perception and response to abiotic stress, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 132, no. While peroxynitrite inhibits APX activity, GSNO enhances its enzymatic activity. 365, pp. 60, pp. Natl. R. Munns and M. Tester, Mechanisms of salinity tolerance, Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol. Y. Wang and N. Nii, Changes in chlorophyll, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, glycine betaine content, photosynthesis and transpiration in Amaranthus tricolor leaves during salt stress, Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, vol. BMC Plant Biol. Peptides (from Ancient Greek (pepts) 'digested', from (pssein) 'to digest') are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. SuperSAGE: the drought stress-responsive transcriptome of chickpea roots. Autar Mattoo, Nafees Khan and 3 more. These transcription factor genes are capable of controlling the expression of a broad range of target genes by binding to the specific cis-acting element in the promoters of these genes. [9], In recent years, research has proven that wound dressings such as paint, tar or other coverings are unnecessary and may harm trees. The stimulation was most pronounced after 18 and 24h and ceased after 48h of imbibition. 33, no. 31, 968981. Plasma membrane signaling has been hypothesized to be involved in the initial process of water status perception outside the cell (Maathuis, 2013). Majority of major crop species belong to this second category. V. V. Kuznetsov and N. I. Shevyakova, Polyamines and stress tolerance of plants, Plant Stress, vol. It can also participate in the regeneration of ascorbate via ascorbate-glutathione cycle [80]. S. J. Roy, S. Negro, and M. Tester, Salt resistant crop plants, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. K. Nakashima, L.-S. P. Tran, D. Van Nguyen et al., Functional analysis of a NAC-type transcription factor OsNAC6 involved in abiotic and biotic stress-responsive gene expression in rice, Plant Journal, vol. 58, 299317. 2, pp. 779794, 2008. Sunflowers have been proven to be excellent plants to attract beneficial insects, including pollinators. K. J. Gupta, M. Stoimenova, and W. M. Kaiser, In higher plants, only root mitochondria, but not leaf mitochondria reduce nitrite to NO, in vitro and in situ, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. Proline is synthesised either from glutamate or ornithine. Plant growth is impaired by severe drought stress due to a decrease in stomatal opening, which limits CO2 uptake and hence reduces photosynthetic activity. 247256, 2012. C.-A. (2009). Water stress adversely impacts many aspects of the physiology of plants, especially photosynthetic capacity. 39, 4558. R. Alczar, J. Planas, T. Saxena et al., Putrescine accumulation confers drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants over-expressing the homologous Arginine decarboxylase 2 gene, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, vol. 617625, 2010. F. Gro, J. Durner, and F. Gaupels, Nitric oxide, antioxidants and prooxidants in plant defence responses, Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. IR64), The Plant Journal, vol. Abiotic stresses and soil nutrient limitations are major environmental conditions that reduce plant growth, productivity and quality. M. L. Binzel, F. D. Hess, R. A. Bressan, and P. M. Hasegawa, Intracellular compartmentation of ions in salt adapted tobacco cells, Plant Physiology, vol. Among the many quaternary ammonium compounds known in plants, glycine betaine (GB) occurs most abundantly in response to dehydration stress (Venkatesan and Chellappan, 1998, Mansour, 2000, Mohanty et al., 2002, Yang et al., 2003).GB is abundant mainly in chloroplast where it plays a vital role in adjustment and protection of thylakoid membrane, It is the circadian rhythms and the differences of the stem growth rate that work together and cause the heliotropism of the Helianthus. Z. Zhang, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang et al., Arabidopsis floral initiator SKB1 confers high salt tolerance by regulating transcription and pre-mRNA splicing through altering histone H4R3 and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein LSM4 methylation, Plant Cell, vol. The abiotic stress caused by cold affect the cellular functions of plants in every aspect. The least invasive, and most popular technique used is to ascend on rope. Understanding the spatial interplay of PTI, ETI, and plant hormone and abiotic stress-signalling systems is in its infancy. S. Anuradha and S. Seeta Ram Rao, Effect of brassinosteroids on salinity stress induced inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Plant Growth Regulation, vol. Natl. Flavonoids protect plants from different biotic and abiotic stresses and act as unique UV filters (,10), function as signal molecules, allopathic compounds, XO ratio in the rat kidney subjected to ischaemiareperfusion stress and also studied the preventive effect of some flavonoids. H. J. Bohnert, D. E. Nelson, and R. G. Jensen, Adaptations to environmental stresses, Plant Cell, vol. 1, pp. doi: 10.1105/tpc.108.059444, Li, Z., Wakao, S., Fischer, B. Plants that Carry Medicinal Terpene. 30, no. D. Sanders, Plant biology: the salty tale of Arabidopsis, Current Biology, vol. Proteomics, and in particular quantitative proteomics, is emerging as a powerful technique to be applied to the field of crop abiotic stress tolerance research; it has the potential to allow rapid identification and quantification of novel stress- and tolerance-related proteins. Barragn et al. Plant stress can be divided into two primary categories namely abiotic stress and biotic stress. 2, no. Plants maintain a high level of K+ within the cytosol of about 100mM ideal for cytoplasmic enzyme activities. Heat shock transcription factors (HSF) are key players in a number of transcriptional regulatory pathways. (2012). B., and Niyogi, K. K. (2009). Acad. 8, pp. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help In another approach treatment with biosynthesis inhibitors can reduce endogenous polyamine resulted in stress sensitive phenotypes. The biotic stresses in plants can be overcome by studying the genetic mechanism of the agents causing these stresses. Pontier, D., Albrieux, C., Joyard, J., Lagrange, T., and Block, M. A. 623631, 2011. Vishwakarma K, Mishra M, Patil G, Mulkey S, Ramawat N, Pratap Singh V, Deshmukh R, Kumar Tripathi D, Nguyen HT, Sharma S. Crit Rev Biotechnol. Receptor and sensor proteins localized to membranes play important roles in various signaling pathways, conveying information to their cytoplasmic target proteins via catalytic processes, such as phosphorylation. 251252, 2007. 34, no. [18] In addition, it is not actually the whole plant that changes its direction to face the sun, but the flower itself that bends to be illuminated by the sun rays. Entry of both Na+ and Cl into the cells causes severe ion imbalance and excess uptake might cause significant physiological disorder(s). 5, pp. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were initially recognized as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism. 12, pp. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01419.x, Rossel, J. Examples of plant metabolites that are involved in salinity tolerance include polyols such as mannitol and sorbitol, dimethylsulfonium compounds, glycine betaine, sugars such as sucrose, trehalose and fructans, or amino acids such as proline that serve as an osmolyte or osmoprotectant [231]. 30, pp. (2011). These compounds are often involved in plants protection against biotic or abiotic stresses. Chem. (2010). The positive relationship between ABA accumulation and salinity tolerance has been at least partially attributed to the accumulation of K+, Ca2+ and compatible solutes, such as proline and sugars, in vacuoles of roots, which counteract with the uptake of Na+ and Cl [160, 161]. Before 4, article 419, 2013. A. A major challenge towards world agriculture involves production of 70% more food crop for an additional 2.3 billion people by 2050 worldwide [1]. 82, no. 109115, 2012. Drought response in the spikes of barley: gene expression in the lemma, palea, awn, and seed. Among the many quaternary ammonium compounds known in plants, glycine betaine (GB) occurs most abundantly in response to dehydration stress (Venkatesan and Chellappan, 1998, Mansour, 2000, Mohanty et al., 2002, Yang et al., 2003).GB is abundant mainly in chloroplast where it plays a vital role in adjustment and protection of thylakoid membrane, Due to the sessile life cycle, plants have evolved mechanisms to respond and adapt to adverse environmental stresses during their development and growth. 23, no. Ben Ahmed et al. 22, no. 28, no. ( A ) Exonintron organization is shown, Phylogenetic relationship among CIPKs from, Phylogenetic relationship among CIPKs from different plants. [24] This is because in a drier environment, there are typically less pollinators. That reduce plant growth under limited water hour later survive in soils with high salt concentration ion ( about or. Roots: a Proteomics perspective, Want to get in touch Ethylene-biosynthesis and perception,,. 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