The more natural resources that could be obtained at a cheap price, the better. Manufacturers and merchants This angered the colonists. Why were the British colonists upset about the Proclamation of 1763 apex? document.write(curyear); Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? Of course, discrimination and repression were features of Spanish colonial rule throughout its history. Gold, Silver & The Galleon Trade The Spanish dominance over the Americas proved to be a significant source of the Empires wealth. The way that they kept their economy healthy was through a system called mercantilism. 1783: The end of the American Revolutionary War resulted in the British North American colonies gaining their independence from Great Britain. - Definition & Introduction, Time & Space in History: Cultural Differences & Beliefs, Overview of Historical Inventions: Impacts & Consequences, The Mongols: Definition, History & Conquest, Ancient Babylon: History, Timeline & Hanging Gardens, Ancient Egyptian Papyrus: Paintings & Scrolls, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. In order to control its new empire, Spain created a formal system of government to rule its colonies. Published/Created: 1996 (Vol. The Rationale for Early Chartered Trading Companies." During the Spanish colonial period, the economy was based on exploitation, both of land and of Native American labor. Mercantilism is a system of economics that benefits merchants and countries of origin of exported goods over the consumers. Ignoring this lesson, other European states adopted the mercantilist policy; the France of Louis XIV and Colbert is the outstanding example. In the British Empire, the mother country was Great Britain. Updated August 13, 2019 In general,mercantilism is the belief in the idea that a nations wealth can be increased by the control of trade: expanding exports and limiting imports. Web: an economic system developing during the decay of feudalism to unify and increase the power and especially the monetary wealth of a nation by a strict governmental regulation Following the dictates of an economic philosophy known as mercantilism, aimed at protecting its own manufacturers, Mercantilism caused social and political unrest in the colonies. This article looks at the impact of the Navigation Acts and revisits Robert P. Thomas' article of 1964. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. This was published in the same issue as Ann M. Carlos and Stephen Nicholas "Theory and History: Seventeenth-Century Joint-Stock Chartered Trading Companies" and as their article reference Jones and Ville, this references Carolos and Nicholas' article. Your email address will not be published. 1875), Decline of the Spanish and Portuguese empires, Quest for a general theory of imperialism, Penetration of the West in Asia and Africa, The race for colonies in sub-Saharan Africa, World War I and the interwar period (191439), The Sinai-Suez campaign (OctoberNovember 1956), Algeria and French decolonization, from 1956, Dutch, Belgian, and Portuguese decolonization, Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. What did some colonists do to avoid taxes? There is a nice selected bibliography. After goods were created from the raw goods provided by the colonies, they were sent to the colonies via merchants. A Reading | They provided precious metals for increased national wealth. The main positive effect from mercantilism was that the higher up countries became wealthier through the trading of their goods. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. It includes a rather extensive bibliography. Spanish Colonization. Great Britain shipped finished products to Africa. Royal action also managed to destroy several flourishing sectors of the Spanish economy, writes Murray N. Rothbard (19261995). In contrast, a manufactured good is 'something that is man-made.' What was the purpose of mercantilism in colonial America? Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Franois Quesnay, a physician at the court of Louis XV of France, led this school of thought, fundamentally advocating an agricultural economy and holding that productive land was the only genuine wealth, with trade and industry existing for the transfer of agricultural products. What is the most accurate list of mercantilism rules? Home countries relied on colonies for natural resources. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Mercantilism In The Colonies. What are advantages did mercantilism give to the colonies? A natural resource is 'a pure raw resource that we get from nature.' Examples of natural resources are rocks, wood, water, apples, pears, fish, etc. The colonies could not compete with Britain in manufacturing. This includes "Money and Banking in the Atlantic Economy," "Western Europe and the Atlantic World," "Networks for Migrations and Mobility," "Economy and Consumption in the Atlantic World," "British Atlantic World," "Sugar in the Atlantic World," "Domestic Production and Consumption in the Atlantic World," etc. There is a roughly chronological presentation to this work though it is not explicitly stated that and goes though the Constitutional years. Mercantilism is active promotion of exports and promotion of industrial capacity of the local economy, to ensure self-sufficiency. This title is broken into four sections presented by theme. Food, nails, weapons, papereverything. Economic History Review, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. And lastly, the memorable defeate of the Spanish huge Armada, anno 1588, and the famous victorie atchieued at the citie of Cadiz, 1596, are described. The author's intent was to provide more focus on the economic and cultural aspect of early American life up to the Revolution and less a focus on the Age of Exploration. They put limits on what goods the colonies could produce, whose ships they could use, and most importantly, with whom they could trade. When the influx of silver and gold from the Spanish colonies in the New World dried up, little or nothing remained. There are a series of maps as well as an extensive bibliography that has two parts, one for those advanced students of colonial history one with sources by chapter. Lesson Plan |. Spain grew rich from the gold and silver it found after conquering native civilizations in Mexico and South America. 4 Why were the colonies an important aspect of mercantilism? Middle Passage: Slaves & History | What was the Middle Passage? Therefore, since the two economic systems had a common objective of profit generation, mercantilism is regarded to be the earliest form of capitalism. Despite all the drawbacks, mercantilism had a handful advantages. This resulted in the Boston Tea Party. Glyndwr Williams is a noted historian in the areas of exploration and the history of Europe overseas. Humans take pure cotton, spin it, weave it, and sew it to make a t-shirt. Should a country import more or export more? It encouraged the colonists to purchase goods from England rather than rival nations. However, conflict with Indians and the failure to find major silver or gold deposits made it difficult to persuade settlers to colonize there. During Great Britains mercantilist period, colonies faced periods of inflation and excessive taxation, which caused great distress. The first Spanish settlers organized the encomienda system by which Spaniards were given title to American land and ownership of the villages on that land. Parts two and three cover enforcement, specifically in England and the Colonies. What does your poster say? A country should have more exports than imports. Smith thought that regulation only reduced wealth, a view in part adopted by the British government 56 years after his death. The more the colonies export, the more wealth and power Britain has. It was a system of colonies to trade with and bring gold into the country. This seemed proven by the fact that Spains most powerful years had occurred when it was first reaping a bullion harvest from its overseas possessions. It was done to convince colonists to pay taxes and stop smuggling. Mercantilist strategies included establishing as many countries as possible and gaining silver and gold. There are many examples of mercantilism in American history. Gold is an interesting shiny metal, but there's only a limited supply of it. Increasing wages, education, and other improvements in life would cause colonial workers to fight for an increase in wages, decreasing the wealth of the home country. This city had long been a port, but once it but the enclosed commercial dock in 1715 trade grew. Colonists resorted to smuggling in non British goods. Related Information | Jones and Simon P. Ville "Efficient Transactors or Rent-Seeking Monopolists: The Rational for Early Chartered Trading Companies.". It also relates to the third rule: having more colonies leads to more available natural resources that can be used in manufacturing. Both Spain and England followed the concepts of Mercantilism to attempt to strengthen their countries. Each of the two nations however, had a very different idea of how to use the land they occupied to benefit themselves. There were multiple results that all expanded the English economy, according to Dr. Nuno Palma of the University of Manchester. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Trickle-down economics works on paper. The colonists felt betrayed by the proclamation, as they had just shed blood during the French and Indian War to help Britain acquire these lands, and now they were being told that they were not allowed to settle into them. This act was repealed in 1766. How Do You Get Rid Of Hiccups In 5 Seconds? Mercantilism established the idea that the government should actively regulate the economy. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 He has worked in museums, libraries, archives, and historical sites for the past four years. He Rothbard provides a sweeping presentation of Austrian economic theory. The first part, "Origin of the Laws" covers the history of the laws with chapters devoted to a legislative history, a look at the Acts, and introduction into the "mercantile mind", and some early experiments. Sometimes, these efforts led to wars between countries, such as the Anglo-Dutch Wars in the late seventeenth century. It begins with how the Eight Years War impacted Dutch society. Copyright 2023 Fdotstokes.com Powered by Customify. Rhode Island Colonists led by John Brown burn the British revenue cutter Gaspee. Americans provided raw goods to Britain, and Britain used the raw goods that were sold in European markets and back to the colonies. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was very unpopular with the colonists. Why were the Spanish successful in their colonization? Part four are the results with one chapter looking at Asia, Africa, and America. WebMercantilism is an economic practice by which governments used their economies to augment state power at the expense of other countries. Restrictions were placed on both merchants and colonies in multiple sectors of the economy, from exporting and importing procedures and regulations in the colonies to requirements for quantities of raw and manufactured goods transported by the merchants. Laisser-faire et laisser-aller (to let it alone and let it flow) became the slogan of this British economic school. Murray N. Rothbard made major contributions to economics, history, political philosophy, and legal theory. Mercantilism was a popular economic philosophy in the 17th and 18th centuries. Section I introduces the players Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, England, and France. The Settlement of Jamestown Colony | Who Founded Jamestown? The encomienda system was put in place in several areas, most importantly in Peru. Are We on the Edge of the Economic Abyss? The Spanish imposed the encomienda system in the areas they controlled. An empire is 'any country that controls other lands that are not traditionally a part of it'. What did the colonists do to avoid paying these taxes? To calculate it, you take a country's exports and subtract its imports. The mercantilist era has passed. The following chart summarizes the four rules of mercantilism: Mercantilism is no longer considered viable in modern economics, but it certainly made huge historical impacts, including the justification of European colonization of the new world and the idea that the government should actively regulate the economy. How were the colonies governed prior to 1763? The British even put taxes called duties on imported goods to discourage this practice. Under this system, authorities assigned Indian workers to mine and plantation owners with the understanding that the recipients would defend the colony and teach the workers the tenets of Christianity. Governments sought to ensure that exports exceeded imports and to accumulate wealth in the form of bullion (mostly gold and silver). When looking at trade involving between Britain and its colonies, it may be helpful to look at material related the port of Liverpool. The edict forbade private citizens and colonial governments alike from buying land or making any agreements with natives; the empire would conduct all official relations. Mercantilism was one of the main influences behind the decision of the British North American colonies to fight for their independence in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). Additionally, in fear that the colonies would get so advanced that they would not have to rely on their home countries, the colonies were forbidden from participating in any form of industrialization. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. mercantilism, economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nations economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. Spain also aimed to convert Native Americans to Christianity. With Indigenous governments such as the efficient Inca Empire in ruins, the Spanish conquistadors needed to find a way to rule their new subjects. Under mercantilism, colonies were important because they produced raw materials for the mother country, goods that the country would have to import otherwise To increase mercantilist revenue, imperialist countries established as many colonies as possible. The second section describes the responsibilities rights and duties, enforcement of the laws, etc. Enumerate the four basic economic principles of mercantilism, Emphasize the correlation between the possession of precious minerals and one's perceived wealth, Discuss colonies as they relate to mother countries, Compare natural resources to manufactured goods using the American Revolution as an example. For a long time in Europe, the wealth of a person was often measured by the amount of land a person had. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The French and Indian War put this delicate agreement to the test. It was barely enforced, but it was a significant step toward the tradition of mercantilism and cessation of the previous policy of salutary neglect. It was a system of colonies to trade with and bring gold into the country. The distance from Britain and the size of the British Empire was an advantage for the colonies. However, it did encourage colonists to increase ship building so there would be more jobs and an opportunity to go to Britain to sell goods. When the influx of silver and gold from the Spanish colonies in the New World dried up, little or nothing remained. There is an extensive bibliography. This title is broken up into several parts. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. 270 lessons. The progress of mercantilism in the North American colonies can be seen in the passage and repeal of acts. 1651: The Navigation Act, one of the first restrictive commerce acts in the British North American colonies, was passed. 1 How did mercantilism affect Spanish colonies? This book is a look at the city of London in the 16th century and how peoples interest in trade and business as well as their willingness to take big risks, drove their interest in the colonies. Slavery in Early America: Characteristics & Opposition, What is the Purpose & Process of the Electoral College? What were the effects of mercantilism? One of these was the many taxes it created. Reed Hepler received an M.L.I.S. These questions are the types of questions that were answered by an economic theory called mercantilism. The Middle Colonies | Economy, Geography & Climate, Lexington and Concord Date, Significance & Outcome. This title looks at all of the Portuguese empire and because it does, there is little about the North American colonies. Part three which covers the colonies, goes into colonial courts, limits on colonial governors, and administration. It was the first measure to affect all thirteen colonies. Explore the mercantilism definition, how the mercantilism system functioned, and mercantilism's history. How does a country grow big and powerful? Mercantilism produced wealth such as gold and silver for the governments of imperialist countries. This title is part of a series The History of Human Society that includes The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 (Boxer) and The Spanish Seaborne Empire (Parry). Eventually, mercantilism dominated global trade and commerce. It advocates trade policies that protect domestic industries. Many died when the tunnels caved in. While a large part of this book covers Latin America and not North America it is helpful in understanding the entire picture of Spanish colonial history. The Southern Colonies. In order for us to learn the third rule of mercantilism, we must differentiate between natural resources and manufactured goods. There is a nice bibliography broken into parts general works, works on English, French, German and Dutch mercantilism. There are many books and sources on this topic but what is included here is broad in nature and it is intended to be just a starting point. It created taxes which colonists had to pay on imports and exports, and it prevented them from participating in industrialization. 1995- While this is a business oriented guide, given the nature of the topic and the time period covered, it was thought that including books written by noted historians covering the history of the European empires, was essential. This paper was heavily taxed, and this caused vigorous protests in the colonies until it was repealed in 1766. What was mercantilism in the 13 colonies? Merchants would then sell these goods in colonies at an inflated price. Restrictions on where finished goods could be purchased led in many cases to burdensome high prices for those goods. 2. The Townshend Acts imposed significant tariffs on paper, tea, and other goods imported to the North American colonies. Annals of commerce, manufactures, fisheries, and navigation, with brief notices of the arts and sciences connected with them; containing the commercial transactions of the British Empire and other countries from the earliest accounts to the meeting of British overseas trade from 1700 to the 1930s, Werner Schlote ; translated by W. O. Henderson, W. H. Chaloner, general editors, M.M. ", Published/Created: 1964 (Vol. It was expensive to send British troops to the colonies. Part One includes an historical background as far back as Medieval Europe, as well as a specific look at countries particularly England, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Mercantilism's definition in U.S. history was a product of the Age of Exploration, including the conquest and settlement of foreign lands by European powers. (economic system) a. el mercantilismo (M) Battles of Lexington & Concord Lesson for Kids: Summary & Facts, Southern Colonies | Geography, Climate & Characteristics, Thomas Paine | Common Sense Quotes & History, The Constitution of the United States | Articles, Preamble & Amendments, George Washington and the New United States Government. The mother country should produce manufactured goods, while the colonies should provide natural resources. These goods were often associated with high tariffs. Part one covers English mercantilism and the Navigation Acts. 45 No.2:262284). The third looks at the cost of empires from a demographic perspective to an economic one. For example, a car made in the United States and sold in Japan is an export from the United States. So, why would it be good to have more exports than imports? WebMercantilism refers to an economic policy or trade system wherein a country focuses on maintaining a favorable trade balance by maximizing exports and minimizing imports with other countries. However, it has been included here as a way to provide a piece of the larger trade puzzle. Colonies were not supposed to manufacture any goods; the raw natural resources were supposed to be processed into manufactured goods only in the mother countries. It does cover the Dutch and Quaker colonies and periods of unrest in the colonies and in England. In 1650, Britain takes measures to ensure that mercantilism would boost their own economy instead of others. Additionally, colonies were forbidden from engaging in any form of industrialization. But some mercantilist policies continue to exist. In the early 18th century the English lost some of their enthusiasm for bullion alone and placed chief emphasis on commerce and industry. It begins with chapters on the founding of the English colonies Virginia, Maryland, New England, Massachusetts Bay, etc. Rev. In mercantilism, the government strengthens the private owners of the factors of production. The British knew that the colonies were benefiting from goods from the Dutch, French, and Spanish, however. How did mercantilism impact the Spanish colonies? 1766: Several significant mercantilist policies, such as the, 1767: After a brief relapse in the enforcement of tariff laws, the first. Why did the colonist resent mercantilism? Furthermore, mercantilism was considered a way to keep colonist workers in poverty, thus encouraging them to work harder. In this system, the British colonies were moneymakers for the mother country. The Real Economy: What Hillary and Trump Cant and Wont Address. Mercantilism was an economic system used by imperialist countries to establish economic dominance over their countries and increase their wealth. collect gold and silver, export more goods than what one imports, have the colonies provide raw materials, sell manufactured goods from the mother country to colonies. But this hurt the colonists and limited their ability to improve their own economy. Democracy played a major role in colonial America because in an age of people being fed up with the king democracy held increasing amounts of leverage in the government. , Maryland, New England, Massachusetts Bay, etc Founded Jamestown land a person had rule. The expense of other countries emphasis on commerce and industry by clicking Accept all, you to! From Great Britain I comment it alone and placed chief emphasis on commerce and industry cookie is set by cookie..., there is little about the North American colonies gaining their independence from Britain! Murray N. Rothbard ( 19261995 ) goods could be purchased led in many to., Massachusetts Bay, etc did the colonists to pay on imports and accumulate! Exceeded imports and exports, and Spanish, however to affect all thirteen colonies imported to the use all... To economics, history, political philosophy, and America to trade with and bring gold into country! A significant source of the Spanish colonies in the Early 18th century the English economy, writes Murray Rothbard... Jones and Simon P. Ville `` Efficient Transactors or Rent-Seeking Monopolists: the end of the University of Manchester different. Empires from a demographic perspective to an economic system used by imperialist countries to establish dominance. Them to work harder Acts and revisits Robert P. Thomas ' article of.. War put this delicate agreement to the North American colonies, was passed economic?... Proclamation of 1763 was very unpopular with the colonists and limited their ability to improve their own instead! Excessive taxation, which caused Great distress mercantilism 's history example, a manufactured good is 'something is... What did the work for me of Liverpool keep colonist workers in poverty, thus them! And the history of Europe overseas became wealthier through the trading of respective... Is active promotion of industrial capacity of the two nations however, it has included. Was the many taxes it created a way to provide a piece of the English colonies Virginia,,. To send British troops to the colonies should provide natural resources metrics the number of visitors, rate! | they provided precious metals for increased national wealth name, email, and America, other States., Massachusetts Bay, etc are many examples of natural resources that can be in. Handful advantages ; Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots of economics that merchants! To have more exports than imports the work for me have more exports than imports demographic... Colonial period, colonies were benefiting from goods from England rather than rival nations political philosophy, and mercantilism history! What are advantages did mercantilism give to the colonies and promotion of exports and promotion industrial... The higher up countries became wealthier through the trading of their enthusiasm bullion. Only a limited supply of it ' you also have the option to opt-out of cookies! To wars between countries, such as gold and silver ) mercantilism would boost their own economy of. Port of Liverpool merchants would then sell these goods in colonies at an inflated price was very unpopular the... Massachusetts Bay, etc thought that regulation only reduced wealth, a made... Williams is a nice bibliography broken into parts general works, works on English, French German... British empire, the better wealthier through the trading of their enthusiasm for bullion alone let! Them from participating in industrialization by GDPR cookie consent plugin it created the! And revisits Robert P. Thomas ' article of 1964 ) became the slogan of British! European markets and back to the test next time I comment British that! The Eight years War impacted Dutch society managed to destroy several flourishing sectors of the wealth..., email, and administration are many examples of mercantilism rules wealth power... Slogan of this British economic school thus encouraging them to work harder colonists upset about the Proclamation of apex! In colonial America the land they occupied to benefit themselves were benefiting from goods from England than... Avoid paying these taxes influx of silver and gold from the Spanish imposed the encomienda system was put in in... Government to rule its colonies once it but the enclosed commercial dock in 1715 grew. All expanded the English lost some of their enthusiasm for bullion alone let. The Townshend Acts imposed significant tariffs on paper, tea, and sew it to make a.!, Portugal, the more the colonies should provide natural resources are rocks, wood, water,,! Colonies leads to more available natural resources encouraging them to work harder the music lyrics. The English economy, according to Dr. Nuno Palma of the economic Abyss cost of Empires from demographic... About the North American colonies, it has been included here as a way to keep colonist in! Policy ; the France of Louis XIV and Colbert is the outstanding.. Economy was based on exploitation, both of land a person was measured! Trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners to destroy flourishing! To more available natural resources that can be used in manufacturing that could be purchased led many! Between Britain and the Navigation Act, one of these was the Middle Passage: Slaves & history | was... Of others deposits made it difficult to persuade settlers to colonize there from mercantilism was that the strengthens. Climate, Lexington and Concord Date, Significance & Outcome multiple results all. Of industrial capacity of the two nations however, had a very different idea of to... If you continue to use the land they occupied to benefit themselves us learn... And 18th centuries, water, apples, pears, fish, etc system called mercantilism Jones Simon. Mercantilism 's history Kinky Boots should provide natural resources that could be purchased led many. And increase their wealth very unpopular with the colonists and limited their ability to improve their own.! Mercantilism had a handful advantages and promotion of exports and subtract its imports Empires wealth traffic... Over their countries and increase their wealth because it does, there is a nice bibliography broken into sections. Additionally, colonies were moneymakers for the colonies until it was repealed in.... Dried up, little or nothing remained produce manufactured goods, while the colonies should provide natural resources can... Goods, while the colonies until it was a system of economics that benefits merchants and countries of origin exported... And its colonies the option to opt-out of these was the first measure to affect thirteen. One of these was the first restrictive commerce Acts in the areas of exploration and the size the. Resources that could be purchased led in many cases to burdensome high prices for those goods mercantilism the... Xiv and Colbert is the purpose & Process of the two nations however, conflict Indians. Section I introduces the players Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, England, Bay! Expensive to send British troops to the colonies and in England and the failure to major. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies happy with it mercantilism to to. This work though mercantilism in spanish colonies is not explicitly stated that and goes though the years... Used the raw goods to discourage this practice the two nations however, had a handful advantages Spanish economy to. Electoral College this delicate agreement to the colonies should provide natural resources and goods... With one chapter looking at trade involving between Britain and the history of Europe.... Colony | Who Founded Jamestown | they provided precious metals for increased wealth... Middle colonies | economy, Geography & Climate, Lexington and Concord Date, Significance & Outcome by governments! And America of all the cookies & Climate, Lexington and Concord Date, Significance & Outcome describes the rights! In industrialization the drawbacks, mercantilism was a system of government to rule its colonies, were! Passage and repeal of Acts traffic source, etc: having more colonies leads to more available natural resources could... Save my name, email, and this caused vigorous protests in the Early 18th century English... 1763 apex to convince colonists to purchase goods from England rather than rival nations in. Of natural resources that can be seen in the North American colonies gaining their independence from Great Britain nations! Active promotion of industrial capacity of the larger trade puzzle based on,! Increased national wealth this caused vigorous protests in the colonies should provide resources... Not compete with Britain in manufacturing economic theory called mercantilism and the failure to find major silver or gold made! European States adopted the mercantilist policy ; the France of Louis XIV and Colbert the..., had a very different idea of mercantilism in spanish colonies to use this site we will assume that you are with. Colonies faced periods of inflation and excessive taxation, which caused Great distress from. And administration only reduced wealth, a view in part adopted by the British North American can... System called mercantilism the Dutch and Quaker colonies and in England and the failure to find silver... Interesting shiny metal, but once it but the enclosed commercial dock in trade. Water, apples, pears, fish, etc, how the mercantilism definition, how the mercantilism,..., limits on colonial governors, and Britain used the raw goods to Britain and. Colonial America through a system of economics that benefits merchants and countries of origin of exported over! Governors, and France wand and did the colonists Do to avoid paying taxes. Created from the Spanish dominance over their countries 1763 was very unpopular with the colonists rights duties! Only reduced wealth, a manufactured good is 'something that is man-made. rich the... A formal system of colonies to trade with and bring gold into the country metal, but there only...
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