special court for sierra leone

Some countries are vocal about international criminal justice, and are quick to criticize the United States over the ICC, but have often failed to take concrete action themselves to support the work of the other international tribunals. HOWARTH Kathryn, "The Special Court for Sierra Leone: Fair Trials and Justice for the Accused and Victims", in International Criminal Law Review, Vol. Some Sierra Leone officials have expressed the desire to see Sierra Leoneans play a more senior role at the Special Court. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs, manages this site as a portal for information from the U.S. State Department. Report of the Secretary-General on the Establishment of a Special Court for Sierra Leone, 4 October 2000, U.N. Doc. Abstract: Women and girls had a specific and gendered experience of the civil war in Sierra Leone. The AFRC subsequently entered into an alliance and joined forces with the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), a rebel group that invaded Sierra Leone from Liberia in 1991, with support from Charles Taylor, who, at the time of the RUF invasion, was the leader of a Liberian armed faction known as the National Patriotic Front of Liberia. It works with the media in Africa and beyond to promote the work of the United Nations, Africa and the international community to bring peace and development to Africa. Funding was to be by voluntary contributions from member states, which meant that those with the most geopolitical interests in the sub-region, the US and UK, would be the key funders. A peace agreement signed . Stephen Rapp was United States Ambassador-at-Large heading the Office of Global Criminal Justice during 2009-2015, where he coordinated US Government support for international, hybrid, and national courts and tribunals prosecuting atrocity crimes. The involvement of the government of Sierra Leone was limited to a provision in the courts statute for the government to appoint the deputy prosecutor and two of its six judges. Secretary Rice was personally instrumental in these efforts, and I remember personally calling ICC President Philippe Kirsch to tell him we had no objection to the use of ICC facilities for the trial. Liberias civil war killed far more people (about 200,000) than Sierra Leones (75,000). A mile away in the local prison there were simply no resources. Charles Taylor, who became President of Liberia in 1997, was accused of planning, instigating, ordering, and otherwise aiding and abetting war crimes and other serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law committed by the AFRC and RUF, or failing to prevent AFRC and RUF forces under his command and control from committing such crimes. In the last decade, progress has been made in establishing criminal responsibility for the recruitment and use of child soldiers. Raising money is a constant issue, said Rapp. To achieve this, the Chief Justice has assigned the Resident Judge of Kailahun District . KUMAR SINHA Manoj, "The Creation of Another Court: A Case Study of Special Court for Sierra Leone", in ISILYear Book of International Humanitarian and Refugee . Environment, Health, Science, and Technology, Human Rights and International Criminal Law, International Organizations and Governance, Law of Armed Conflict and International Security, Transnational Litigation, Arbitration, and Dispute Resolution. The United States has been a strong supporter of the Court and its work for a simple reason: We refuse to accept a world where those responsible for crimes of this magnitude live in impunity. war in Sierra Leone. (8) U.N. officials have said that they expect to start hiring court staff, including prosecutors and defense lawyers by the end of the year. Reflecting on this awkward imbalance, Stephen Rapp, a former chief prosecutor of the court, said in an interview with Time magazine in 2009, shortly after he left to take a job in the administration of US President Barack Obama, that they were conducting justice in a comfortable courtroom with long trials and well-paid attorneys. This essay was initially prepared at the request of FIU Law Review for its micro-symposium on The Legal Legacy of the Special Court for Sierra Leone by Charles C. Jalloh (Cambridge, 2020). The focus of this article is the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the extent to which it can be said that the Special Court has already challenged, or will, in the future, challenge the tradition of impunity for gender-based crimes. Practice Direction on Filing Documents under Rule 72 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence before the Appeals Chamber of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, Adopted on 22 September 2003. First, unlike the ICTY and ICTR, which were established by Chapter VII Resolution of the Security Council, the Special Court is a treaty-based court established by the Agreement between the United Nations and Sierra Leone. The Judiciary of Sierra Leone has disclosed that Special High Court Criminal Sessions will be held for the first time in Segbwema Town, Kailahun District with 14 cases and Kambia Town, Kambia District with 24 cases from the 7th to the 15th November, 2022. The Office of Website Management, Bureau of Public Affairs, manages this site as a portal for information from the U.S. State Department. Submit your article David M. Crane, INT'L . Report of the Secretary-General, supra, at paras. 8, No. The Court was created in 2010 to the carry out the essential functions of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, which closed its doors at the end of 2013 after completing its mandates. Particular effort was made to present the Special Court as UN-backed to distinguish it from the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The Court has recently completed a comprehensive close down plan that projects its costs through the end of its mandate in 2009. The office of the prosecutors annual budget of more than $4 million was more than the budget of the Sierra Leone Supreme Court. The presidents buyers remorse can, of course, be dismissed as an example of a parable of wishes grantedlike King Midas, he merely got it in excess. The statute of the court ruled out prosecution of peacekeeping troops, to Nigerias relief. 1682 Words; 7 Pages; Child Soldier Accountability. Agreement between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on the Establishment of a Special Court for Sierra Leone, Jan. 16, 2002, 2178 U.N.T.S. Under the compromise that was reached, no one under 15 may be tried by the Special Court, and 15-18 year-old defendants will receive separate anonymous hearings and special counseling and will serve out their terms under parole in demobilization camps or foster homes, rather than a prison. For the end of this week the prosecution focused on key insider witness, Gibril Massaquoi, who predominantly testified about the relationship between the AFRC and RUF, but also gave information about the command structure and operational strategy of both forces at various . The former Liberian leader is the first head of state, after Germanys Admiral Karl Doenitz (who was convicted by the Nuremburg court after the Second World War) to be convicted by an international court for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Eight leaders from the three armed factions were convicted and sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from 25-52 years. The peace agreement, which was signed by the parties as well as the Special Representative of the U.N. Secretary-General, granted amnesty to the members of the RUF and set up a Truth Commission to document violations of international humanitarian law in lieu of prosecutions. Published 2008. Sierra Leone. It is mandated to try those who bear the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law committed in the territory of Sierra Leone since 30 November 1996. In an effort to break the cycle of violence and begin the process of reconciliation, the government of Sierra Leone requested the United Nations to establish an international court to prosecute those responsible for atrocities during the civil war. The United States has provided approximately $60 million in funds to-date which is roughly forty percent of all voluntary contributions to the court and more than the total funds provided by the next three largest contributors combined. Pakistan's delegate, speaking on behalf of the "Group of 77" developing countries and China, supported the Secretary-General's proposal for an allocation . 8. (2) As specified in the Agreement between the United Nations and Sierra Leone, (3) the Special Court would differ from the ICTY and ICTR in several notable respects. The verdict is a fresh lesson to all those in power that they do not enjoy impunity and a sign of hope in Sierra Leone . (1), The Report of the Secretary-General: A Blueprint for the Special Court. The Special Court for Sierra Leone was established through signature of a bilateral treaty between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone in early 2002, making it the third modern . In all, the court would indict 14 persons, of which twothe RUF leader Foday Sankoh and his former commander Sam Bockariedied before their trial began. Practice Direction on the Procedure Following a Request by a State, etc. The Special Court for Sierra Leone addressed some critical issues in the areas of sexual and gendered violence, including forced marriage, and child soldiers which were essential in reforming international law. Please click below to be directed to the Internet site of the Special Court for Sierra Leone. All three Sierra Leonean armed factions-the AFRC, the RUF, and the CDF-are accused of war crimes and other serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law. Many have hailed Mr. Taylors conviction as a landmark achievement by the Special Court. Welcome to the archive of the Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone. 2223 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington DC 20008 It was to be wholly limited to the Sierra Leonean context. The Special Court for Sierra Leone ("Special Court", SCSL) was installed by agreement between the United Nations and the Sierra Leonean government pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1315 (2000). Despite these differences, the Special Court is to be guided by the decisions of the appeals chamber of the Yugoslav and Rwanda Tribunals, and to apply the Rules of Procedure of the ICTR, though the judges have the power to amend or adopt additional rules, where a specific situation is not provided for. It examines the many issues confronting the people of Africa, its leaders and its international partners: economic reform, debt, education, health, women's advancement, conflict and civil strife, democratization, aid, investment, trade, regional integration, rural development and many other topics. The Special Court for Sierra Leone was set up jointly by the Government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations. Still, an important argument for the Special Courts legacy is that it demonstrated that no one is above the law. Thousands of children were killed, raped, mutilated, or conscripted as soldiers. Clearly the indictment of persons from all armed groups was meant to create an impression of even-handedness. 1315 (2000), 14 August 2000. Adopted on 16 January 2008. It wasnt to have any overarching ambition. Publication Name: Culture under CROSS-Examination : International Justice and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. The Report of the Secretary-General on the Establishment of a Special Court for Sierra Leone, 4 October 2000, may be found on the Internet at <, Security Council Resolution 1315 (2000) (deciding to establish a Special Court for Sierra Leone), may be found on the Internet at <. The United States has been the Special Courts principal supporter. To prevent automated spam submissions leave this field empty. 6. Pages Sitemap, Some Aspects of Special Court for Sierra Leone. Pursuant to the Special Court's request, the United Nations Security Council agreed on June 16, 2006 to move the trial of Charles Taylor to The Hague for security reasons. He also pointed out that during the signing of the Lome Agreement, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General had entered a reservation on the amnesty provision. By the rules of the UK judicial system, Mr. Taylor, 65, has 43 years left to serve and will only be eligible for early release after serving two-thirds of his sentence, at which point he will be more than 90 years old. Charles Taylor, who became President of Liberia in 1997, is accused of planning, instigating, ordering, and otherwise aiding and abetting war crimes and other serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law committed by the AFRC and RUF, or failing to prevent AFRC and RUF forces under his command and control from committing such crimes.-the RUF trial, the CDF trial, the AFRC trial, and the Charles Taylor trial. Todays ruling upholding the conviction of former Liberian President Charles Taylor marks a milestone for the people of Sierra Leone and Liberia, and for international criminal justice. The Special Court for Sierra Leone will hold sessions in early March in which the prosecution and defense will present a status report on their pre-trial preparations to the judges. $28.12. This essay was initially prepared at the request of FIU Law Review for its micro-symposium on The Legal Legacy of the Special Court for Sierra Leone by Charles C. Jalloh (Cambridge, 2020). 2022 The American Society of International Law Prisoners had single cells, and they had committed the worst crimes. Last August, the court was down to $6,000. The part of the facility where they will be held was originally built to house persons . S.C. Res. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Writing style, format, accuracy and objectivity, currency and ease of use of the Encyclopedia . As the last of the SCSL's cases begins, the Court has begun to plan for its close-down and to contemplate its legacy. But unlike the ICTY and ICTR, the Special Court does not have jurisdiction over the crime of genocide, since there was no evidence that the mass killing in Sierra Leone was at any time perpetrated against an identifiable national, ethnic, racial or religious group with the intent to annihilate the group as such. This timely, important and comprehensive book is the first to critically assess the impact and legacy of the . FORDHAM . Photo: SCSL (Special Court for Sierra Leone), The Special Court for Sierra Leone in Freetown. The conflict in Sierra Leone began when the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), a group of renegade soldiers from the Sierra Leonean Army, overthrew the Government of Sierra Leone in 1997. This concept was first used by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1991-1999). Entries Sitemap 1 After Sierra Leonean President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah requested that the United Nations form a court to try those responsible, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1315 calling for the Secretary-General to begin discussions with the Government of Sierra Leone to create a Special Court. The prosecution of former Liberian President Charles Taylor commenced with the Prosecution's opening statement on June 4, 2007, in The Hague. While this perhaps over-estimated the potential impact of the Court, survivors do need assurance that impunity for sexual and gender-based violence is a . Unlike the ICTY and the ICTR, which were created directly by the . 166 Members of civil society have also expressed frustration at the . The Special Court is to have a Chief Prosecutor appointed by the Secretary-General and a Deputy Prosecutor appointed by Sierra Leone in consultation with the United Nations. The Special Court for Sierra Leone started operations in July 2002. For a comprehensive background on the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda see: Virginia Morris and Michael P. Scharf, An Insider's Guide to the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (Transnational Publishers, 1995) (2 vols.). S/2000/915. Phone +1-202-939-6001 Cullen, Laura C. 2020. Still, many Sierra Leoneans see the court as a result, not the cause of the countrys peace and stability. The Government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations signed an agreement establishing the Court on January 16, 2002. Note: Content in this archive site is not updated, and links may not function. See generally. An edited and footnoted version is forthcoming in Volume 15.1 of the law review in. It wasnt given the status of Article VII of the Rome Statute that established the ICC, which would have made its funding and compliance with its rulings mandatory as a UN Security Council instrument. But no one has faced justice for the atrocities committed in Liberia, which have been documented by the countrys Truth and Reconciliation Commission in a 2009 report. As of early 2011, the court has indicted 13 people and convicted eight. By Nasratu Kargbo . Samura was acquitted, but all the other defendants were sentenced . See U.N. News Release, October 5, 2000. This list may not reflect recent changes. Human Rights groups, on the other hand, were opposed to trials of anyone under 18. The verdict in the CDF case is expected in July 2007, and the RUF trial is expected to conclude by the end of 2007, with a verdict to follow in the first half of 2008. 4. Sierra Leone The Fighter from Death Row Testimony of Survival b. Contact us, Main Sitemap Index A third Sierra Leonean armed faction, the Civil Defense Forces (CDF), was a group of pro-government paramilitary forces that fought against the combined forces of the AFRC and the RUF. in UN International Law Commission (ILC) documents. In 2007, the government designated the National Commission for Social Action (NaCSA) the official implementing agency. Freetown, SIERRA LEONE: Juge Richard Lussick and Chief Court Management Krystal K. Thompson arrive to attend the first appearance of Liberian. 138. Although we are not under a legal obligation to assist the Special Court as we are the ICTY and the ICTR, we have nevertheless cooperated with the Special Court in the same manner. The court has so far indicted eleven people, including former Liberian President Charles Taylor, for crimes against humanity committed during the country's ten year . 7 7 Letter dated 22 December 2000 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General, S/2000/1234, 22 December 2000, para. 18 September 2013 S/PV.7034 For Authors: Share your work with over thousands of legal practitioners. For the first time in international legal history, 'forced marriage' is being prosecuted as a 'crime against humanity' in Sierra Leone's post-conflict 'Special Court'. Date [New York] : UN, 4 Oct. 2000. Sort By: Good Essays. All rights reserved. The Special Court for Sierra Leone, or the "Special Court" (SCSL), also called the Sierra Leone Tribunal, was a judicial body set up by the government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations to "prosecute persons who bear the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law" committed in Sierra Leone after 30 November 1996 and during the . The Court's Registrar would be appointed by the Secretary-General. 391 (2001) (claiming that the Court, by virtue of its relationship with the United Nations, will be perceived as more legitimate than purely domestic courts); Micaela Frulli, The Special. Virginia Morris and Michael P. Scharf, The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (Transnational Publishers, 1998) (2 vols.). The Special Court for Sierra Leone, located in Freetown, Sierra Leone, has authority to prosecute "those who bear the greatest responsibility" for crimes against humanity, war crimes, and violations of Sierra Leonean law committed in Sierra Leone since November 30, 1996. [Linda E. Carter is a Distinguished Professor of Law Emerita at University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law. The Hague Area, Netherlands. A third Sierra Leonean armed faction, the Civil Defense Forces (CDF), was a group of pro-government paramilitary forces that fought against the combined forces of the AFRC and the RUF. 3, 2008, pp. In holding Charles Taylor accountable for war crimes and crimes against humanity, the Appeals Chamber of the Special Court of Sierra Leone has brought a measure of justice to the people of Sierra Leone, and helped to cement the foundation on which reconciliation can proceed. All of the cases have been completed and the . Some of the courts creators initially fretted about its apparent overreaching, and none was pleased that it lasted three times longer than planned and cost more than anticipated. His trial, which began in 2007, ended with his conviction in April 2012 and sentencing to 50 years in prison. On June 20, 2007, the judges of the Special Court for Sierra Leone delivered a verdict in the AFRC trial, finding all three AFRC defendants guilty of 11 of the 14 counts charged in the indictment. in documents from the international criminal courts and the UN (PDF). We were disappointed that European countries, when asked to incarcerate Taylor if convicted, were reluctant to help. Tony Blair is to be applauded for cutting through the red tape and agreeing to take Taylor, if convicted. The Judiciary of Sierra Leone has disclosed that Special High Court Criminal Sessions will be held for the first time in Segbwema Town, Kailahun District with 14 cases and Kambia Town, Kambia District with 24 cases from the 7th to the 15th November, 2022. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. The trial is expected to conclude by the end of 2008, with a verdict to follow in the first half of 2009. Agreement between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on the Establishment of a Special Court for Sierra Leone, Jan. 12, 2002, 2178 U.N.T.S. Free shipping. The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) is the third modern international criminal tribunal supported by the United Nations and the first to be situated where the crimes were committed. The Special Court for Sierra Leone operated from 2002 - 2012. It raised money, but that won't carry it for long. This timely, important and comprehensive book is the first to critically assess the impact and legacy of the SCSL for Africa and international criminal law. More in-depth coverage to the Law field 07 Nov 2022 20:04:55 30 September 2005. The Residual Special Court for Sierra Leone has operated from 2012 - present. A decade after the war in Sierra Leone, the Special Court's ruling marks the first time that a former head of state has been found guilty of war-time atrocities by an internationally-backed court since the Nuremberg trials. The point is that once David Crane, an energeticnot to say theatricalAmerican defence department lawyer, was appointed as prosecutor, all pretence that Mr. Kabbah was even marginally in control of the court disappeared. (10) While Security Council Resolution 1315 had suggested the mechanism of voluntary contributions to fund the Special Court, the Secretary-General has opted instead for assessed contributions from U.N. member states (in which case the United States will be assessed twenty-five percent of the costs) on the grounds that "voluntary contributions will not provide the assured and continuous source of funding which would be required to appoint the judges, the Prosecutor and the Registrar, to contract the services of all administrative and support staff and to purchase the necessary equipment." The Taylor defense team announced that he will appeal his conviction. The agreement stipulates that the RSCSL shall have its principal seat in Freetown,but shall carry . The Sierra Leone court was created in 2002 as a hybridit has some backing from the U.N. but relies heavily on donations from individual countries. Go to the current State.gov website for up-to-date information. The LPA and TRC also established a reparations program. (archived at <. [If I were] to do it over, I would try to develop a court within the national systemMaybe not a court that costs $30 million a year., Ralph Zacklin, the UNs lawyer who negotiated the set-up of the court with the Sierra Leone government, contrived the notion of most responsible for war crimes to be the focus of the courts prosecutorial efforts. 2. Description 29 p. Collections Resource Type > Documents and Publications > Reports UN Bodies > Security Council. Author: Laura C. Cullen. Court for Sierra Leone: Some Preliminary Comments, 11 The Council asked the Secretary-General to produce a detailed blueprint for the special court. R. Kerr, J. Lincoln. The Residual Special Court was established pursuant to an agreement signed between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on 11 August 2010. 32-37. 9. This will be the third ad hoc international criminal court to be created by the United Nations over the last decade, following the . After Sierra Leonean President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah requested that the . 399-422. Report of the Secretary-General, supra, at paras. Special Court for Sierra Leone In this regard, the Group pays close attention to the concerning financial situation of the Court. External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein. Selected Security Council Meeting Records: View All: 26 March 2014 S/PV.7148: This was the final meeting on Sierra Leone. Article 1 Competence of the Special Court. The former Liberian leader's defence lawyers said on Thursday that the trial was politically motivated The Special Court for Sierra Leone was set up in 2002 as the result of a request to the United Nations in 2000 by the Government of Sierra Leone for "a special court" to address serious crimes against civilians and UN peacekeepers committed during the country's decade-long (1991-2002) civil war. Implements the office strategy and defines services offered to the Registrar and other Principals. Here, however, the courts funding consists entirely of voluntary contributions from the international community. The Special Court for Sierra Leone, located in Freetown, Sierra Leone, has authority to prosecute "those who bear the greatest responsibility" for crimes against humanity, war crimes, and violations of Sierra Leonean law committed in Sierra Leone since November 30, 1996. Information released online from January 20, 2009 to January 20, 2017. . Book Title: Culture under Cross-Examination: International Justice and the. Before: This timely, important, and comprehensive book is the first to critically assess the impact and legacy of the SCSL for Africa and international criminal law. The Legacy of the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Practice Direction on Filing Documents Under Rule 72. Acts as a focal point for Netherlands Tax Authority, Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Government Departments. The Courts custom-made compound in Freetown is a massive fortification of high walls topped with barbed wire, and its own prison house. The civil war in Sierra Leone was one of the most brutal and most overlooked wars in recent memory. It considers each member of an organized group individually responsible for crimes committed by that group within the common plan or purpose. Last year saw the start of the trial of former Liberian President Charles Taylor in The Hague. HAVING CONSIDERED THE ORAL AND WRITTEN SUBMISSIONS OF THE PARTIES; I, JUSTICE GEORGE GELAGA KING, HEREBY DECIDE AS FOLLOWS: On 27 February 2004 counsel for Issa Hassan Sesay ("Defence") filed a Motion in the Special Court seeking the disqualification of Justice Robertson from the Appeals Chamber on the . SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE JOMO KENYATTA ROAD FREETOWN SIERRA LEONE PHONE: +1 212 963 9915 Extension: 178 7000 or +39 0831 257000 or +232 22 295995 FAX: Extension: 178 7001 or +39 0831 257001 Extension: 174 6996 or +232 22 295996. 3. Mr. Scheffer, the first US ambassador for war crimes throughout President Bill Clintons second term, decided that the court was to be sui generis, meaning that it was to be very different from all other tribunals. THE APPEALS CHAMBER of the Special Court for Sierra Leone ("the Special Court");. 1. The SCSL will exhaust its current funding by . The last piece of legislation I helped to pass as a Senator expanded and modernized the State Departments War Crimes Rewards Program. Testimony : Found Poems from the Special Court for Sierra Leone, Paperback by. The Special Court is also expected to move more quickly than the ICTY and ICTR, which each took more than two years to become fully operational, in part because the Special Court will have a narrower mandate and fewer defendants, and because the Special Court has the full backing of the government of Sierra Leone. Asked during a press conference at U.N. Headquarters about how the Court's subject matter and temporal jurisdiction could be reconciled with the amnesty granted under the Lome Agreement, Assistant Under-Secretary General for Legal Affairs, Ralph Zacklin said that the amnesty given by the Sierra Leone Government was for crimes under Sierra Leone law, whereas "international crimes were a different matter." 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