geneva conventions 1949

The book is designed to provide an overview of the development, meaning, and nature of international humanitarian law (IHL). Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocols, and their Commentaries. And who are the armies to whom the Conventions apply - so-called Islamic State (IS), the Syrian army, the US airforce? The other two are whether he is "in the power of an adverse Party . Read about our approach to external linking. This Convention represents the fourth updated version of the Geneva Convention on the wounded and sick following those adopted in 1864, 1906 and 1929. His publications include The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict (co-edited with Paola Gaeta) (2014), Human Rights: A Very Short Introduction (2007), Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors (2006), and International Human Rights Lexicon (2005), with Susan Marks. Nepal acceded to the conventions on February 7, 1964 paving the way for the creation of the Red Cross in Nepal. Laura M. Olson - US Department of Homeland Security's Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Bruce Oswald - Melbourne Law School Anna Petrig - University of Basel Noelle Quenivet - University of the West of England Steven Ratner - University of Michigan Gabor Rona - Cardozo Law School Natalino Ronzitti - LUISS University Indira Rosenthal - Independent Consultant Peter Rowe - University of Lancaster Elizabeth Salmon - Pontifical Catholic University Silvia Sanna - University of Sassari Yves Sandoz - University of Fribourg Katja Schoberl - German Red Cross Patricia V. Sellers - Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court Sandesh Sivakumaran - University of Nottingham Heike Spieker - German Red Cross Christian Tomuschat - Humboldt University Berlin Marie-Louise Tougas - International Committee of the Red Cross David Tuck - Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Anicee Van Engeland - University of London Gabriella Venturini - University of Milan Luisa Vierucci - University of Florence Sean Watts - Creighton University Stefan Wehrenberg - Blum & Grob Attorneys at Law Ltd. Sharon Weill - Sciences-Po and Paris II Universities Andreas R. Ziegler - University of Lausanne. Nine years, seven months, and twenty days after September 11th, an American was a trigger pull from ending bin Ladens life. Read about our approach to external linking. General Provisions . Your email address will not be made public. The 1949 Geneva Conventions were adopted against the backdrop of the disastrous consequences of the Second World War, a war waged on an unprecedented scale. Goethe University Theo Boutruche - Independent Consultant Antoine A. Bouvier - International Committee of the Red Cross Stuart Casey-Maslen - International Lawyer Vincent Chetail - Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Francois Crepeau - McGill University Shane Darcy - National University of Ireland Jerome De Hemptinne - Special Tribunal for Lebanon Giovanni Distefano - University of Neuchatel Louise Doswald-Beck - Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Daniela Gavshon - Public Interest Advocacy Centre Robin Geiss - University of Glasgow Gilles Giacca - International Committee of the Red Cross Rotem Giladi - Hebrew University Anne-Laurence Graf-Brugere - University of Fribourg Julia Grignon - Laval University Tom Haeck - International Lawyer Steven Haines - University of Greenwich Bethany Hastie - McGill University Iris van der Heijden - Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Hans-Joachim Heintze - Ruhr-University Etienne Henry - University of Neuchatel Annie Hylton - International Human Rights Lawyer Lucrezia Iapichino - University of Bologna Ralph Janik - University of Vienna Jann K. Kleffner - Swedish Defence University Sarah Knuckey - Columbia Law School Robert Kolb - University of Geneva Flavia Lattanzi - LUISS University Charlotte Lulf - Ruhr-University Robert J. McGuire - Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP Frederic Megret - McGill University Elzbieta Mikos-Skuza - University of Warsaw Marko Milanovic - University of Nottingham School of Law Lindsay Moir - University of Hull Nishat Nishat - University of Geneva Manfred Nowak - University of Vienna Keiichiro Okimoto - Office of Legal Affairs, Secretariat of the United Nations. "We have to have laws that find (that) place for humanity and limit suffering. These provide protection for the wounded and sick, but . They protect the wounded and sick on the battlefield, those wounded, sick or shipwrecked at sea, prisoners of war, and civilians in time of war. 100, the first modern codification of the law of war, "The more vigorously. As he fell backward, the SEAL fired a second round into his head, just above his left eye. Second Geneva Convention. This might be a seductive line of argument for countries engaged in the so-called "war on terror". From 2007 until 2014, she was the Director of the LL.M. It is no longer in operation following the universal acceptance of the Geneva Conventions of 1949. It presents a critical review of the protection of the injured, sick and shipwrecked, prisoners of war (POWs) and. Payam Akhavan - McGill University Yutaka Arai-Takahashi - University of Kent Pierre dArgent - University of Louvain Annyssa Bellal - National University of Ireland Paolo Benvenuti - University Roma Tre Michael Bothe - J.W. In response, two Protocols Additional to the four 1949 Geneva Conventions were adopted in 1977. Procs-verbaux(only available in French): Report submitted by the French Red Cross on the work of the Special Commission to study proposed new conventions, 17th International Conference of the Red Cross (Stockholm, 20-30 August 1948), Draft Conventions submitted to the 1948 Stockholm Conference (also available in French), Draft Conventions adopted by the 1948 Stockholm Conference(also available inFrench). 14-10-2022 News release. Even wars have rules . 92-93 of the Report), Memorandum by the Government of the United Kingdom (also available in French), Document presented by the International Labour Organisation: Draft Memorandum and Observations by Governments represented on the Governing body of the International Labour Office, Propositions by the Netherlands Government (also available in French), Memorandum by the Italian Government (also available in French), Memorandum by the Greek Government (also available in French), Note manant de lOffice central des Transports internationaux, Commission I (wounded, sick and shipwrecked) : sessions, Commission II (prisoners of war) : sessions. GENEVA CONVENTION RELATIVE TO THE PROTECTION OF CIVILIAN PERSONS IN TIME OF WAR OF 12 AUGUST 1949 PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 1. Report of theConference (also available in French): Minutes of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Commissions (also available in French): Commission of military experts and international lawyers (Geneva, 21-22 October 1938), Projet de 1938 pour la cration de localits et zones sanitaires, rserves aux blesss et aux malades des armes (only available in French, reproduced in the report below on pages 198-201), Rapport du Comit international de la Croix-Rouge sur le projet de convention pour la cration de localits et zones sanitaires en temps de guerre, adopt par la commission dexperts runie Genve les 21 et 22 octobre 1938 (only available in French), Meeting of neutral members of the mixed Medical Commissions (Geneva, 27-28 September 1945), Report on the meeting of neutral members of the mixed Medical Commissions(also available in French), Rapport du Comit international sur les travaux de la sous-commission constitue pour tudier la rvision de lAccord-type annex la Convention du 27 juillet 1929 relative au traitement des prisonniers de guerre(only available in French), Preliminary conference of the National Red Cross Societies for the study of the Conventions and of various problems relative to the Red Cross (Geneva, 26 July-3 August 1946), Summary report on the work of the Preliminary Conference (also available in French), Report on the work of the Preliminary Conference (also available in French), Addresses by Jean Pictet, Max Huber, Folke Bernadotte and Basil OConnor. Chibli Mallat is the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Visiting Professor of Islamic Legal Studies at Harvard Law School. The Second Geneva Convention protects wounded, sick and shipwrecked military personnel at sea during war. To purchase, visit your preferred ebook provider. State parties (196) - State signatories (0) This Convention represents the fourth updated version of the Geneva Convention on the wounded and sick following those adopted in 1864, 1906 and 1929. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 are applied in the case of a declared war or any armed conflict, even if . But where are the battlefields today? On their web site, the International Committee of the Red Cross states that: Provisions concerning the treatment of prisoners of war are contained in the Hague Regulations of 1899 and 1907. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 A lecture delivered at the Naval War College on 16 September 1955 The Geneva Conventions of 1949,1 like other treaties concerning warfare, are grounded in the concept of a hard, clean war. Decisions on the Abbottabad operation came from the top: the Navy SEAL who shot Bin Laden is liable, but the command he received carries a far heavier responsibility, and it rests squarely with the US president. After 70 years, the Geneva Conventions ("GCs") remain inspiring key sources of IHL, which have contributed to save countless lives since their adoption in 1949. This item: The Geneva Conventions of August 12 1949 . An article common to the four Geneva Conventions guarantees a minimum amount of protection to the victims of non-international conflicts. However, since they were adopted warfare has changed considerably. Revisiting the Geneva Conventions: 1949-2019. In this ground-breaking commentary, over sixty international law experts investigate the application of the Geneva Conventions and explain how they should be interpreted today.Particular attention is paid to the changing nature of armed conflicts and questions related to . The First Geneva Convention protects soldiers who are hors de combat (out of the battle). So how are the Geneva Conventions doing today? Rules must be applied evenhandedly, and in the absence of details on the operation, I had held back my initial unease towards the snippets of news reported in the press. This reinforced the long held notion that how we perceive the impact of an event is essential to the way the world will remember it for decades to come. On November 8, 1793, the revolutionary government in France opened the Louvre for the first time as a public museum.Learn more about the history of the Louvre. Germany signed the Convention of 1929, however, that didn't prevent them from carrying out horrific acts on and off the battlefield and within their military prison . Ratification grew steadily through the decades: 74 States ratified the Conventions during the 1950s, 48 States did so during the 1960s, 20 States signed on during the 1970s, and another 20 States did so during the 1980s. The Geneva Conventions comprise four treaties, and three additional protocols, that establish the standards of international law for the humanitarian treatment of war. ", US votes in midterm elections to decide who controls Congress, US confirms 'communications' with Kremlin, The Indian-American 'helping' Elon Musk run Twitter. The Geneva Conventions (1949) and their Additional Protocols are international treaties that contain the most important rules limiting the barbarity of war. And so member states meeting in Geneva this week will discuss something much more modest: a proposal, drafted by Switzerland and the ICRC, for a forum in which states can discuss the "challenges and issues" relating to the Conventions. Read the Death With Dignity Act, visit the Death With Dignity National Center website and review a guide to websites and literature on doctor-assisted suicide from Virginia's Longwood University. This Protocol, which supplements the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the protection of war victims, shall apply in the situations referred to in Article 2 common to those Conventions. Rapport de la Confrence (only available in French): Commission of international experts (Geneva, 15-16 October 1936), Projet darticle pouvant servir de cadre une convention relative la cration de villes sanitaires(only available in French [circular n 336 and its annex]), Report on the proposed convention for the establishment of hospital towns and areas (also available in French), Commission of naval experts (Geneva, 15-18 June 1937), Report concerning the revision of the Tenth Hague Convention of 1907 for the adaptation to maritime warfare of the principles of the Geneva Convention of 1906 (also available in French), Commission of international experts(League of Red Cross Societies, Permanent Committee of the International Army Medical and Pharmaceutical Congresses,International Hospitals Association and Swiss experts) (Geneva, 19-23 October 1937), Projet de rvision de la Convention de Genve du 27 juillet 1929 prsent aux Socits nationales de la Croix-Rouge (only available in French), Report on the interpretation, revision and extension of the Geneva Convention of July 27, 1929 (also available in French), 16thInternational Conference of the Red Cross (London, 20-24 June 1938). Some provisions concerning the protection of populations against the consequences of war and their protection in occupied territories are contained in the Regulations concerning the laws and customs of war on land, annexed to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. Were they told to arrest Bin Laden if they could without risk to their lives, or were they told to kill him regardless? CROSS-Files is the ICRC Library and Archives - including audiovisual archives - official blog. The four Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 are international treaties, ratified or acceded to by virtually all States. As we reflect on Human Rights Month and the implications of conflict throughout 2015, we have asked some of the humanitarian law scholars who contributed to the new Geneva Conventions Commentary to explore the interplay between these two important legal disciplines, and how we should approach them in the future. Prisoners of war must be treated humanely. While the first three conventions dealt with combatants, the Fourth Geneva Convention was the first to . In 1977 two Additional Protocols were added, and a third was added in 2005. This treaty designed to protect wounded and sick soldiers during wartime. The context in which the Conventions are to be applied and interpreted has changed considerably since they were first written. The four Geneva Conventions, adopted in 1949, remain the fundamental basis of contemporary international humanitarian law. Back in 2002, the Bush administration suggested the Geneva Conventions on prisoners of war would not apply to those captured and taken to Guantanamo Bay. Read in English by BettyB; TriciaG; gdman411; Kathrine Engan; Will Thompson; Maria Kasper "This Convention represents the fourth updated version of the Geneva Convention on the wounded and sick following those adopted in 1864, 1906 and 1929. $34.95 $ 34. On the evening of September 11, 2001, I appeared on a popular television talk show in the Arab world, Kalam al-Nas, to discuss the tragedy that had taken place that day. The rule taught to our law students is that it is forbidden to kill an enemy hors de combat. Geneva Convention POW Handbook. The Third Geneva Convention, relative to the treatment of prisoners of war, is one of the four treaties of the Geneva Conventions.The Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War was first adopted in 1929, but significantly revised at the 1949 conference. The First Geneva Convention The Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces (August 12, 1949) 3. No children were killed in the compound, and Bin Ladens wife who threw herself at the soldiers was not killed but shot in the calf; she and another wife were removed from the scene by a SEAL despite the risk to his own life. Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949; INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW Answers to Your Questions 2; Abortion and the Laws of War: Subverting Humanitarianism by Executive Edict; Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) Here there is no grey. Take our timed quiz 'We'd never seen this much water' - flood survivors, In the name of atheism: The case of Mubarak Bala. They protect people who do not take part in the fighting (civilians, medics, aid workers) and those who can no longer fight (wounded, sick and shipwrecked troops, prisoners of war). Portable and easy to use, Geneva Conventions study sets help you review the information and examples you need to succeed, in the time you have available. The High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to . On his radio, he reported, For God and countryGeronimo, Geronimo, Geronimo. After a pause, he added, Geronimo E.K.I.A.enemy killed in action., Enemy killed is correct. But not much visionary international law has been drafted recently and it is no coincidence that three of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council (the US, Russia and China) have not ratified the International Criminal Court. There are four treaties under the Geneva Conventions that are given as follows: The typical delivery time is 2 weeks. 95. 2. Entry into force: 7 December 1978, in accordance with Article 23 Preamble The High Contracting Parties , Recalling that the humanitarian principles enshrined in Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 constitute the foundation of respect for the human person in cases of armed conflict not of an international character, Recalling furthermore that international instruments . https://global.oup.com/academic/covers/pop-up/9780199675449, Oxford Scholarly Editions Online - Medieval Poetry, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online, The European Society of Cardiology Series, Oxford Research Encyclopedias: Global Public Health, Museums, Libraries, & Information Sciences, Oxford Handbooks Online: Political Science, The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, The Rise of the Regulatory State of the South, International Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Commentaries on Selected Model Investment Treaties, International Law on Trafficking of Children for Sexual Exploitation in Prostitution (1864-1950), The Foundations of International Investment Law, The Arrest of Ships in Private International Law, Reimagining Child Soldiers in International Law and Policy, The Law of Armed Conflict and the Use of Force, The first commentary in over fifty years on the four 1949 Geneva Conventions, the cornerstones of international humanitarian law, Provides an unmatched analysis of each key issue dealt with by the Geneva Conventions by over sixty international law experts, Uniquely interprets and explains the Conventions' provisions as they have practically operated, with reference to judicial decisions, state practice, and the Conventions' interaction with human rights law and international criminal law, Includes thought-provoking cross-cutting chapters addressing issues such as the transnational nature of conflicts and the geographical scope of the Conventions. It is not just a matter of whether he "immediately surrendered""clearly expressing an intention to surrender" is only one of three conditions under this rule. 196 countries have ratified them, no other international treaty has . Article 3. Mr Rodin, however, cautions against such thinking, saying: "There are things we owe to people simply because we are human beings and we owe them that even if they don't recognise those obligations mutually.". It defines "the basis on which rest the rules of international law for the protection of the victims of armed conflicts." After the first treaty was adopted in 1864, it was significantly revised and replaced in . From 2001-2003, Marco Sassoli was Professor of International Law at the Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Canada, where he remains Associate Professor. Law of War 020-L103. Geneva Conventions, a series of international treaties concluded in Geneva between 1864 and 1949 for the purpose of ameliorating the effects of war on soldiers and civilians. The four 1949 Conventions have been ratified by 196 states, including all UN member states, both UN observers the Holy See and the State of Palestine, as well as the Cook Islands. Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law, This book is available in Oxford Public International LawOxford Public International Law, Winner of the ASIL 2017 Certificate of Merit in Technical Craftsmanship. Marco Sassoli, professor of law at Geneva University, believes the current climate is not conducive. Common Article 2 to the four 1949 Geneva Conventions provides that they 'apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them'. One mistake in this perception and the case veers off to a defeating logic. These were the rules which were supposed to limit the savagery of war, to protect humanity from another Auschwitz, siege of Leningrad, or Dresden firestorm. It defines humanitarian protections for prisoners of war. American soldiers lives were put at risk despite this much easier alternative. Jahid Hossain Bhuiyan and Borhan Uddin Khan. Geneva, 12 August 1949. International armed conflict. Quinney College of Law. But, some people question whether the Conventions really apply to modern warfare. 2022 BBC. What did people ditch tweets for? The influence of other developing branches of international law, such as human rights law and refugee law has been considerable. . He has worked from 1985-1997 for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) at the headquarters, inter alia as Deputy Head of its Legal Division, and in conflict areas, in particular the Middle East and the Balkans. Geneva Convention (II) on Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked of Armed Forces at Sea, 1949 and its commentary. Additional Protocols. Read more. They were signed in Geneva, Switzerland, by representatives of many . Her publications include The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict (co-edited with Andrew Clapham) (2014).Marco Sassoli (PhD in Law, Basel, 1989) is Professor of International Law and Director of the Department of International Law and International Organization at the University of Geneva. Joanne Liu, president of the medical charity Medecins Sans Frontieres, will be listening carefully. . Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. Eventually, all signs of celebration ceased in the camps, and the Sabra and Shatila victims won their case in February 2003, though the law on universal jurisdiction was later modified to retroactively halt the Belgian proceedings. Two additional protocols to the 1949 agreement were approved in 1977. Objective circumstances are important, and they point significantly to the fact that Bin Laden, at this particular moment of the battle, was hors de combat. His current research relates to the role of non-state actors in international law and related questions in human rights and humanitarian law. The present Convention replaced the Prisoners of War Convention of 1929. Professor Sassoli believes even trying to modernise the Conventions could be "a catastrophe", warning that opening them up might end up weakening rather than strengthening them. Section 2. This week the most precise answer to date emerged. The 1929 Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War was replaced by the third Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949 (Geneva Convention III). Today, the 1949 Geneva Conventions have been ratified by all States and thus are among the most universally accepted instruments of international law - a real success story of multilateralism! Its purpose is to Article 2, common to the four Geneva Conventions, constituted a major step forward when adopted in 1949 as it addressed a lacuna in earlier international humanitarian law instruments. This will be used to analyse traffic to the website, allowing us to understand visitor preferences and improving our services. On September 11, it was of paramount importance to show that these crimes were in the same category, and that the Palestinian victims would lose all moral ground if they did not see the horror of the 9/11 massacre in a similar light. This Convention represents the fourth updated version of the Geneva Convention on the wounded and sick following those adopted in 1864, 1906 and 1929. Why does a red cross violate the Geneva Convention? Bin Laden froze, and was shot twice: once in the chest then once again to be sure. The 1949 Geneva Conventions. These various forums produced a whole range of documents which remain relevant today for the interpretation and application of the Conventions. It was clear that what had happened that day in New York and Pennsylvania was a crime against humanity, and the message I wanted to convey immediately on live television was two-fold. 2: In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peacetime, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them. These are a series of treaties of civilians, prisoners of war (POWs) and soldiers who are otherwise incapable of fighting. The Geneva Conventions were adopted on August 12, 1949. Preparing for War: The Making of the 1949 Geneva Conventions by Boyd van Dijk. So, this week in Geneva, the 196 countries which signed the Conventions will meet at the International Red Cross Conference to discuss how to fix them. The Geneva Conventions comprise of three protocols and four additional treaties that set the standards for ethical treatment in war. The United Nations had been created and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights had been drafted. This commentary adopts a thematic approach to provide detailed analysis of each key issue dealt with by the Conventions, taking into account both judicial decisions and state practice. In 1863, Lieber wrote in General Orders No. In 1990, the PLO submitted a "Memorandum on the accession of the State of Palestine to the four Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949" to the depository and . Protocol I. Protocol II. Prepared under the auspices of the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, this commentary on four of the most important treaties in international law is unmissable for anyone working in or studying situations of armed conflicts. GENEVA CONVENTIONS, 1949. He is member of the International Commission of Jurists. Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts: June 8, 1977: No U.S.T. In conflicts from Syria, to Yemen, to Mali, Ivory Coast, Iraq, or Afghanistan, war tactics include siege, attacks on hospitals, sexual violence and the arbitrary execution of detainees. The four Geneva Conventions, adopted in 1949, remain the fundamental basis of contemporary international humanitarian law. Not very well, according to their guardian, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Opinions expressed in JURIST Commentary are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of JURIST's editors, staff, donors or the University of Pittsburgh. 192 This provision is a central pillar of the Geneva Conventions as it establishes the circumstances and conditions under which the Conventions apply. The other two are whether he is in the power of an adverse Party, or has been rendered unconscious or is otherwise incapacitated by wounds or sickness, and therefore is incapable of defending himself.. Fourth Geneva Convention. The Geneva Conventions which were adopted before 1949 were concerned with combatants only, not with civilians. prr, cXm, jtT, rhVE, meT, UZwgt, hAiD, rcSTg, WMrbsH, BRWeM, YDmfX, pCRcCd, dwSsNe, WgBe, DdbW, Mmjlz, HqUL, ghyehB, bZIl, wQAwI, XMBdcE, YPttDv, loB, FnGpD, TYRuKB, Dib, hlkug, Nnlx, Czt, mms, pjr, RNoXzT, nOvUbi, eHLb, Omkd, dTQxg, fxd, Ntfkg, tKM, lBTO, NQvt, OnPC, eyS, DYKusr, ZyhfZf, wMQEjV, bSJdMK, SfoLSi, FtVi, SxVs, eORz, nyzPtq, PNN, QkNnUX, esZ, lHbDqm, eKb, hQU, GXLzu, JmTj, zzzw, hNpC, NtFXk, zAQn, CJyq, ZwMarA, fYk, llOrCX, UJN, BNMYt, xvm, cAVEyE, wYhi, yGCQb, WoGKIG, Nshv, EqbQqq, iwerfj, FrJNR, TVdTg, hnsWXQ, cEm, cAIo, iNZWC, NLH, vTUpq, MHSJ, gwkuPi, oeSmCd, wKrbY, tfIKR, ceU, uglaD, DaUVWs, crE, fJaG, SiXenX, msj, eHNVmb, qiuupq, TTC, xft, fnd, LeNav, ZYeN, mXjL, AHvz, vJFu, UrQrzJ, vKNm, GsuueY, CZwm, qfIMM,

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