According to the Scottish folklorist Donald Alexander Mackenzie, the baobhan sith usually appears as a beautiful young woman wearing a long green dress that conceals the deer hooves she has instead of feet.She may also take the form of a hooded crow or raven.. [1], "A human child might be taken due to many factors: to act as a servant, the love of a human child, or malice. Nuala. [81] Though they are initially introduced as the kidnappers of a human infant, they turn out to be benevolent. It's no' weel mow'd! [45] The Kilmoulis is a brownie-like creature from the Scottish Lowlands that is often said to inhabit mills. Sophia Morrison, in her "Manx Fairy Tales" (David Nutt, London, 1911) includes the tale of "The Fairy Child of Close ny Lheiy", a tale of a child supposedly swapped by the fairies for a loud and unruly fairy child. Fairyland (Faerie, Scottish Elfame, c.f. Subscribe to the Open Gaming Network and get everything ad-free! [2] She is depicted as a beautiful woman of the Aos S ("people of the barrows") who takes a human lover. [13][28] The brownie at Cranshaws in Berwickshire is said to have mown and thrashed the grain for years. and made his way out of the chimney. [57][58][59] Unlike brownies, who usually provide practical domestic aid, Billy Blind usually only provides advice. [48] Another Silkie is said to haunt the grounds of Fardel Hall in Devonshire. A changeling is typically identifiable via a number of traits; in Irish legend, a fairy child may appear sickly and will not grow in size like a normal child, and may have notable physical characteristics such as a beard or long teeth. ISBN 1575911035, p. 50, "The Genre of Trolls: The Case of a Finland-Swedish Folk Belief Tradition", "Wielka Ksiga Demonw Polskich. If a person attempts to present a brownie with clothing or if a person attempts to baptize him, he will leave forever. [74] In Blyton's Book of Brownies (1926), a mischievous trio of brownies named Hop, Skip, and Jump attempt to sneak into a party hosted by the King of Fairyland by pretending to be Twirly-Whirly, the Great Conjuror from the Land of Tiddlywinks, and his two assistants. [69] A wise old owl tells him that brownies do not really exist and the only real brownies are good little children who do chores without being asked. Tengu (Japanese: , lit. [3], Traditions about brownies are generally similar across different parts of Great Britain. [36] The Fenodyree was offended and lifted up each item of clothing, reciting the various illnesses each one would bring him. They are released by a gift of clothing, but house elves cannot leave on their own accord regardless of how they are treated. A changeling was believed to be a fairy that had been left in place of a human (typically a child) stolen by other fairies. The term fairy is peculiar to the English language and to English folklore, reflecting the conflation of Germanic, Celtic and Romance folklore and legend since the Middle English period (it is a Romance word which has been given the associations of fair by folk etymology secondarily). [74] Similar to the traditional brownies of folklore, house elves are loyal to their masters and wear ragged garments. Regional variants in England and Scotland include hobs, silkies, and ruisgs. [68][69][74], The Canadian American children's writer Palmer Cox helped promote brownies in North America through his illustrated poems about them published in St. Nicholas Magazine. [11], The Mn-an-Tol stones in Cornwall are said to have a fairy or pixie guardian who can make miraculous cures. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. [22] The man in these descriptions may have been conceived as a brownie. After having been driven to thirst by the salt, the offspring of the Alp-luachra, and eventually the Alp-luachra mother herself, jumped into the water. The name "Erlking" (German: Erlknig, lit. [55] Passersby often reported seeing an ruisg sitting atop a rock at dusk, watching them go by. Since most of the supernatural beings of Scandinavian folklore are said to be afraid of iron, Scandinavian parents would often place an iron tool such as a pair of scissors or a knife on top of the cradle of an un-baptised infant to prevent its being abducted by the trolls. [citation needed], Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xana&oldid=1089061812, Articles that may contain original research from November 2019, All articles that may contain original research, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2009, Articles containing Asturian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 May 2022, at 18:02. Examples include The Dresden Files, by Jim Butcher, with a recurring character named Leanansidhe (or Lea for short) and The Iron Fey Series, by Julie Kagawa. An alternative legend has the dragon outwitted by a local farmer's boy, called Jim Pulk or Jim Puttock, said in some versions to be from Wick, after the Mayor of Arundel offered a reward. The Oxford English Dictionary cites approximately 1548 as the earliest written appearance of "Bloodybone". [65] The servants could blame the brownie for messes, breakages, and strange noises heard at night. A bogle, boggle, or bogill is a Northumbrian and Scots term for a ghost or folkloric being, used for a variety of related folkloric creatures including Shellycoats, Barghests, Brags, the Hedley Kow and even giants such as those associated with Cobb's Causeway (also known as "ettins", "yetuns" or "yotuns" in Northumberland and "Etenes", "Yttins" or "Ytenes" in the South and South West). One was to shout "Gairim agus coisricim th " (I bless you) or "God bless you," which would cause the fairy to abandon the child it was trying to steal. Pages in category "Supernatural legends" The following 166 pages are in this category, out of 166 total. The antagonist in Goethe's "Der Erlknig" is the Erlking himself rather than his daughter. According to Jacob Grimm, the term originates with a Scandinavian (Danish) word, ellekonge "king of the elves",[3] or for a female spirit elverkongens datter "the elven king's daughter", who is responsible for ensnaring human beings to satisfy her desire, jealousy or lust for revenge. The following morning, on the day of his wedding, his bride finds him lying dead under his scarlet cloak. [75][77], The popularity of Cox's poems, illustrations, and tie-in products cemented brownies as an element of North American children's literature and culture. [6][13][30][31] The first mention in English of a brownie disappearing after being presented with clothes comes from Book Four, Chapter Ten of Reginald Scot's The Discoverie of Witchcraft, published in 1584. [78] In 1919, Juliette Gordon Low adopted "Brownies" as the name for the lowest age group in her organization of "Girl Guides" on account of Ewing's short story. [25] Finally, the brownie laughed and cried out: "Ha, ha, ha! [23], A figure named "Billy Blind" or "Billy Blin", who bears close resemblances to both the brownie and the Irish banshee, appears in ballads of the Anglo-Scottish border. The Green Man motif has many variations. The human mother realizes this change when the baby grows up in just a few months. In 1826, Anne Roche bathed Michael Leahy, a four-year-old boy unable to speak or stand, three times in the Flesk; he drowned the third time. [81][83] The series became an international bestseller and was translated into thirty languages. [36] The Fenodyree then left to hide away in Glen Rushen alone. Legend has it that the spectral cat haunts the Scottish Highlands.The legends surrounding this creature are more common in Scottish folklore, but a few occur in Irish. [26] Many herbs, salves and seeds could be used for discovering the fairy-folk and ward off their designs. [13][17] In Aberdeenshire, brownies are sometimes described as having no fingers or toes. The cat-sth (Scottish Gaelic: [kat i], plural cait-shth), in Irish cat s (Irish: [kat i]) is a fairy creature from Celtic mythology, said to resemble a large black cat with a white spot on its chest. Irish legends regarding changelings typically follow the same formula: a tailor is the one who first notices a changeling, the inclusion of a fairy playing bagpipes or some other instrument, and the kidnapping of a human child through a window. [56] Wealthy and prominent families were said to have ruisgs as household servants. There are numerous stories about the baobhan sith with a general theme of hunters being attacked in the [56] ruisg were also known as ciuthachs or kewachs. [9], In the nineteenth century, the pothook used to hang pots over the fire was made with a crook in it, which was known in Herefordshire as the "brownie's seat" or "brownie's sway". According to common Scottish myths, a child born with a caul (part of the amniotic membrane) across their face is a changeling, and will soon die (is "of fey birth"). Etymology. [25] The real baby would be treated well by the elves and would grow up to be one of them, whereas the changeling baby would be discontented and wearisome. One of the most commonly prescribed methods for ridding oneself of an ogbanje was to find and destroy its iyi-uwa, a buried object tying it to the mortal world. [45] The Holman Clavel Inn in Somerset is also said to be inhabited by a mischievous Hob named Charlie. [citation needed] In the ballad tradition of Northern England and Lowland Scotland, she was called the Queen of Elphame.. [16] Briggs gives the report of a woman named Marjory Sowerby, who, as a little girl, had spoken with the last remaining Hoyles of Denten Hall, two old ladies, about the Silkie and its kindness to them. [56] One chieftain of the MacFarlane clan was said to have been nursed and raised by the wife of an ruisg. In Asturias (Northern Spain), there is a legend about the Xana, a sort of nymph who used to live near rivers, fountains and lakes, sometimes helping travellers on their journeys. This list may not reflect recent changes. [41] Sikes goes on to explain that, in addition to being a household spirit, the Bwbach is also the name for a terrifying phantom believed to sweep people away on gusts of air. If the two natures aren't balanced, the results may be disastrous. [6] The Cauld Lad of Hilton, for instance, was reputed to be the ghost of a stable boy who was murdered by one of the Lords of Hilton Castle in a fit of passion. "[citation needed], The stories about xanas can be divided into four broad categories. [27] Like other brownies, the Fenodyree is believed to leave forever if he is presented with clothing. The leannn sdhe (lit. [69][74] The boy goes home and convinces his younger brother to join him in becoming the new household "brownies". [17] He is fond of pranks and only the miller himself is able to control him. [11] The brownie will punish household servants who are lazy or slovenly by pinching them while they sleep, breaking or upsetting objects around them, or causing other mischief. Description. [58] He appears in the ballad of "Young Bekie", in which he warns Burd Isbel, the woman Bekie is pledged to marry, that Bekie is about to marry another woman. [60] He also appears in the ballad of "Willie's Lady" in which he also provides advice, but offers no practical aid. Spriggan is a dialect word, pronounced with the grapheme as /d/, sprid-jan, and not sprigg-an, borrowed from the Cornish plural spyrysyon 'spirits'.. A brownie or broonie (), also known as a brnaidh or gruagach (Scottish Gaelic), is a household spirit or Hobgoblin from Scottish folklore that is said to come out at night while the owners of the house are asleep and perform various chores and farming tasks. [11][13][14] There is rarely said to be more than one brownie living in the same house. Another brownie from Berwickshire is said to have declared: Gie Brownie a coat, gie Brownie a sark, In Irish folklore, the last High Queen of the Daoine Sidhe - and wife of the High King Finvarra - was named Una (or Oonagh, or Oona, or Uonaidh etc.) The dragon ate up pie, horse and cart. To this, the elf got up, saying "Waes me! [78] The widespread "brownie" merchandise inspired George Eastman to name his low-cost camera "Brownie". This list may not reflect recent changes. Some xanas also attack people and steal their food. [43], The Igbo people of eastern Nigeria traditionally believed that a woman who lost numerous children, whether stillborn or early in infancy, was being tormented by an ogbanje, a malicious spirit that reincarnated itself over and over again. [13] They received their name from the fact that they are usually described as brown-skinned and completely covered in hair. [37] He is described as a hideous, short-legged old man with a long tail who always dressed in a red coat and blue breeches with an old nightcap atop his head and a bandage around his face, since he was constantly plagued by toothache. They may also display intelligence far beyond their apparent years, as well as possess uncanny insight. ", In the Anglo-Scottish border region it was believed that elves (or fairies) lived in "elf hills" (or "fairy hills"). The term "Raw-Head and Bloody-Bones, and such other Names" was used "to awe children, and keep them in subjection", as recorded by John Locke in 1693. The Aos s, siabhra (commonly anglicised as "sheevra"), may be prone to evil and mischief. [67] A single mysterious servant named Merodach stands up to her. His mother, or at least his supposed mother, being very poor, frequently went out a-charing, and left him a whole day together. "[26][27], If the brownie feels he has been slighted or taken advantage of, he will vanish forever, taking the prosperity of the house with him. Brownies have also appeared outside of folklore, including in John Milton's poem L'Allegro. [citation needed], The word oaf, meaning a clumsy or stupid person, is derived from the historic English word for a changeling, auf. He stalks children who stay in the woods for too long, and kills them by a single touch. Kelley Armstrong's Darkness Rising series has three characters who are believed to be xanas. believe that he concocted a "fairy defense" after murdering his wife in a fit of rage. [36] (which is depicted by the image), a princess is kidnapped by trolls and replaced with their own offspring against the wishes of the troll mother. [17] As a rule, they can turn invisible,[17] but they are supposed to rarely need this ability because they are already experts at sneaking and hiding. [8] Those who saw him described him as a naked boy. attempting to heat the changeling in the oven. The human owners of the house must leave a bowl of milk or cream or some other offering for the brownie, usually by the hearth. [70] Charlotte and Emily Bront were both familiar with Hogg's stories[71] and his portrayal of Merodach may have greatly influenced Emily's portrayal of her character Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights (1847). [28] In some stories, even the manner in which their bowls of cream are given is enough to drive the brownie away. [45][46] Even today, infant death is common among children born with severe sickle-cell anemia, especially in areas of Africa lacking adequate medical resources. [4], Although inspired by Herder's ballad, Goethe departed significantly from both Herder's rendering of the Erlking and the Scandinavian original. Samuel Johnson in his Dictionary of the English Language (first published in 1755) defined "Rawhead" Illustration of a brownie sweeping with a handmade broom by Alice B. Woodward. [45] A Hob in Runswick Bay in North Yorkshire was said to live in a natural cave known as the "Hob-Hole", where parents would bring their children for the Hob to cure them of whooping cough. A common way that a changeling could identify itself is through displaying unusual behaviour when it thinks it is alone, such as jumping about, dancing or playing an instrument though this last example is found only within Irish and Scottish legend. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, Joep Leerssen, "On the Celtic Roots of a Romantic Theme", in, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Music by Schubert - free recording (complete) and free score, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erlking&oldid=1105219247, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from March 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with trivia sections from March 2018, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 August 2022, at 05:02. Folklore. [71] The novel never reveals whether Merodach is actually of supernatural origin or if he is merely a peculiar-looking servant. [73] Warrior brownies appear in the 1988 fantasy film Willow, directed by Ron Howard. [46] The story was recorded by the folklorist R. L. Tongue in 1964 immediately after he heard it from a woman who lived next door to the inn. 'alder-king') is a name used in German Romanticism for the figure of a spirit or "king of the fairies". More often than not, the invading species hatches sooner than its "step-siblings" and grows faster, eventually hogging most nourishment brought in and may actually "evict" the young of the host species by pushing them out of their own nest. [3] Simple charms such as an inverted coat or open iron scissors left where the child sleeps, were thought to ward them off; other measures included a constant watch over the child. The New Yorker's "20 Under 40" issue of July 5, 2010 included the short story "The Erlking" by Sarah Shun-lien Bynum. Mamuna changelings would also get their first set of teeth prematurely compared to a human baby. He refuses and spurns her offers of gifts and gold. [6] As immortal spirits, brownies could not be worn out nor revitalized by working, so their work became seen as simply part of "a perpetual cycle that is akin to the activities of Nature herself. Some autistic adults have come to identify with changelings (or other replacements, such as aliens) due to their experiences of feeling out of place in the world. [50] This one is said to manifest in the form of a "beautiful young woman with long, golden hair, wearing a long silken gown" and supposedly guards a hoard of treasure buried on the grounds. The old Irish song "My Lagan Love" uses her as a metaphor for consuming love: "And like a love-sick lennan-shee/She hath my heart in thrall,/Nor life I own nor liberty/For love is lord of all.". [1] The name is first used by Johann Gottfried Herder in his ballad "Erlknigs Tochter" (1778), an adaptation of the Danish Hr. [41], Two 19th-century cases reflect the belief in changelings. Starring in the Japanese manga "Mahoutsukai no Yome (The Ancient Magus' Bride)" volume 3, by Kore Yamazaki a leannan sidhe lives with Joel Garland where Chise meets in his rose garden. to be the embodiment of the Celtic god Crom Dubh It was believed that knuckers could be found at knuckerholes in various places in Sussex, including Binsted, Lyminster, Lancing, Shoreham and Worthing. Old French faierie (Early Modern English faerie) referred to an illusion or enchantment, the land of the faes.Modern English (by the 17th century) fairy transferred the name of the realm of the fays to its inhabitants, e.g. The most famous Knucker lived, according to legend, at Lyminster. They are always either naked or dressed in rags. Some stories tell of changelings who forget they are not human and proceed to live a human life. [48][49], Medical experts now believe some changeling tales developed in an attempt to explain deformed, developmentally disabled, or neurodivergent children. [40], The Welsh name for a brownie is Bwbach[33][41] (pronounced[buba]). [5] This object in place of the human would seem to sicken and die, to be buried by the human family, while the living human was among the fairies. [52] A story on the island of Eigg told of a ciuthach that lived in a cave. [80], George MacDonald incorporated features of Scottish brownie lore in his nineteenth-century works The Princess and the Goblin and Sir Gibbiehis brownies have no fingers on their hands. In these stories, an act performed according to a secret ritual can break the spell. These include Katharine Mary Briggs's "The Fairy Follower" in Folktales of England, the story "Oisin in the Land of Youth" in Ancient Irish Tales, "The Dream of Angus" in Augusta, Lady Gregory's Cuchulain of Muirthemne. [39], Children identified as changelings by the superstitious were often abused or murdered,[40] sometimes in the belief that changelings could be forced to admit their true nature by beatings, exposure to fire or water, or other trials. [66] Meanwhile, the masters of the house who employed them could use stories of the brownie to convince their servants to behave by telling them that the brownie would punish servants who were idle and reward those who performed their duties vigilantly. [37] He also sometimes wore a grey cloak. The term "water horse" was originally a name given to the kelpie, a creature similar to the hippocamp, which has the head, neck and mane of a normal horse, front legs like a horse, webbed feet, and a long, two-lobed, whale-like tail.The term has also been used as a nickname for lake monsters, particularly Ogopogo and Nessie. [12], In Germany, the changeling is known as Wechselbalg,[13] Wechselkind,[14] Kielkopf or Dickkopf (the last both hinting at the huge necks and heads of changelings).[13]. [51] Although brownies and ruisgs are very similar in character, they have different origins. [31] In Sweden, it was believed that a fire must be kept lit in the room housing a child before it is christened, and furthermore, that the water used to bathe the child should not be thrown out, since both of these precautions will prevent the child from being taken by trolls. [73][69] In the story, a selfish boy seeks a brownie to do his chores for him because he is too lazy to do them himself. [16], Silkies were also sometimes believed to appear suddenly on roads at night to lonely travellers and frighten them. The tale is notably retold by Swedish children's story author Helena Nyblom as Bortbytingarna[35] in the 1913 book Bland tomtar och troll. "[1], The Knucker is said to have wings, and is sometimes described as a sea serpent. [37] He is said to have fled before the sign of the cross. [citation needed], The similarity between the European changeling and the Igbo ogbanje is so marked that Igbos themselves often translate the word into English as "changeling". A number of traditional Irish tales feature characters that appear to draw from the leannn sdhe legend for inspiration. They also had some stacks of corn, which they called Brownie's Stacks, which, though they were not bound with straw ropes, or in any way fenced as other stacks used to be, yet the greatest storm of wind was not able to blow away straw off them. The Knucker apparently caused a lot of trouble, consuming local livestock and even villagers, and so it was decided to slay the monster. [67] Food goes missing from the farm of Walter of Chaplehope, leading villagers to suspect it is the "brownie of Bodsbeck". Oberon is the king of the fairies in medieval and renaissance literature.He is even noted in Shakespeares A Charles Kinbote, the narrator of Vladimir Nabokov's 1962 novel, Pale Fire, alludes to "alderkings". They could deliver babies, "xaninos," that were sometimes swapped with human babies some legends claim this was in order for them to be baptized, while others claim that it is because the Xana cannot produce milk. Brownie has't a'! [6] Like Lares, brownies were associated with the dead[7][6] and a brownie is sometimes described as the ghost of a deceased servant who once worked in the home. [9], The story portrays Sir Oluf riding to his marriage but being entranced by the music of the elves. They are often depicted as fairy-like creatures or as an ethereal entity.. Their hypnotic voices can be heard during spring and summer nights. [42] In 1895, Bridget Cleary was killed by several people, including her husband and cousins, after a short bout of illness (probably pneumonia). [11], Briggs notes that brownies are frequently associated with the dead[14] and states that, like the banshee in Irish folklore, "a good case" could be made for brownies to be classified as ghosts. [44], Many scholars now believe that ogbanje stories arose as an attempt to explain the loss of children with sickle-cell anemia. Modern fantasy novels often include characters based on Irish mythology. However, even though the Knucker hole in Lyminster is only thirty feet (9m) deep, a local legend says that the villagers tied together the six bellropes from the church tower and lowered them into the pool, but they couldnt reach the bottom.[3]. It was believed that if a human child were still taken, in spite of such measures, the parents could force the return of the child by treating the changeling cruelly, using methods such as whipping or even inserting it in a heated oven. 'fairy lover'; Scottish Gaelic: leannan sth, Manx: lhiannan shee; [lan-an i]) is a figure from Irish Folklore. Navi. [42] The Bwbach is said to do this on the behalf of spirits of the restless dead, who cannot sleep because of the presence of hidden treasure. The troll girl bursts out that the troll woman is much more fun than any other person she has ever seen, and her mother happily sees that her true daughter has returned. Like brownies, Bwbachod are said to have violent tempers if angered. [15] He was said to go up to the nearby farm every night with wet feet and, if anything was untidy, he would put it in order, but, if anything was tidy, he would hurl it around and make a mess. In some versions he then dies himself, probably of the same poison he used on the dragon, though this is possibly a later addition designed to explain the Slayer's Slab. When her husband demands she abandon the changeling, she refuses, and he leaves her whereupon he meets their son in the forest, wandering free. Both the human girl and the troll girl marry happily the very same day. [71] He also refuses to accept any form of payment. [11] In some early stories, brownies are described as guarding treasure, a non-domestic task outside of their usual repertoire. Local storyteller Jack Dunne accused Bridget of being a fairy changeling. Although it is fragmentary, it contains the mother's grief and the Queen of Elfland's promise to return her to her own child if she will nurse the queen's child until it can walk. She is known as the skogsr "forest spirit" or Tallemaja "pine tree Mary" For example, this association might explain why fairies are often described as having an obsessive impulse to count things like handfuls of spilled seeds. Second, stories of xanas who suffer spells. Resurgent members of this supernatural race due to genetic modification: Hayley Morris, Nicole Tillson and the deceased Serena. This page was last edited on 2 November 2022, at 16:18. Several species of birds, fish, and arthropods regularly practice brood parasitism, or non-reciprocal offspring-swapping. [38], King Charles I of England (1600 - 1649) was reportedly rumored to have been a changeling due to his "peevish nature" as a child and a nursemaid's claim that a figure appeared mysteriously at his bedside and cast a cloak over the sleeping baby's cradle. Leksykon i antologia demonologii ludowej", "Behind the Scenes: The Murder of Bridget Cleary The National Archives of Ireland", "HNU Library: Things Fall Apart: Glossary of Ibo Words and Phrases", "The Enduring Legend of the Changeling CSI", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changeling&oldid=1119634105, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. confusing the changeling by cooking or brewing in eggshells. [9] The Menehune of Hawaiian folklore have been compared to brownies as well, seeing they are portrayed as a race of dwarf people who carry out work during night time. [47] Lob-Lie-by-the-Fire is the name of a large brownie who was said to perform farm labour. [53] (Compare the pseudoscientific New Age concept of indigo children.). The Dullahan, Durahan or Dullaghan (Irish: dlachn, / d u l h n /), also called Gan Ceann (meaning "without a head" in Irish), is a type of mythological creature in Irish folklore.
Alabama Highway Patrol,
How To Get Data From Post Request,
Get-object-acl Example,
Tourist Sights Beijing,
Cougar Cub Urban Dictionary,
Philips Soundbar How To Connect To Tv,
10 Negative Things About Yourself,
Subject Line Best Practices 2022,
Energy Efficient Construction Equipment,
