Google Scholar, Cateto C, Hu G, Ragauskas A (2011) Enzymatic hydrolysis of organosolv Kanlow switchgrass and its impact of cellulose crystallinity and degree of polymerization. lignocellulosic biomass, such as agricultural residues (including wheat straw, sugar cane bagasse, and corn stover), forestry wastes (including sawdust and thinning remains, waste paper, and municipal solid wastes), and energy crops (including salix and switchgrass) has been considered a possible raw material for ethanol production because of The percentage of hemicelluloses varied between around 1.9% for the hemp bast pulp and around 8.2% for the hemp harl pulp. During enzymatic hydrolysis, the cellulose fibers and hemicellulose which were not degraded in the pretreatment are decomposed into simple sugar molecules. The fibers were collected and dried for 48h at ambient temperature (221C) and then weighed. - 176.9.15.245. Pyrolysis process has been considered to be an efficient approach for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil and value-added chemicals. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 39:15971604, Article The yields of glucose and total reducing sugars from hemp harl (around 33 and 45% on a dry weight basis, respectively) were higher compared to those from hemp bast, but lower compared to wheat straw (around 44 and 57% d.w.), birch wood (around 40 and 52% d.w.), poplar wood (around 41 and 52% d.w.) and beech wood (around 39 and 50% d.w., respectively). Biotechnol Prog 25:302314, Miller GL (1959) Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar. Thus included agricultural wastes such as cereal straw, wheat straw, bagasse, corn straw , etc. Cellulases, a mixture of several types of enzymes acting in synergy, are used to attack the bonds between glucose molecules in different regions of the cellulose. Both hydrolysis processes and analyses of the hydrolysates were carried out in at least triplicate. Ash content of peanut shell is found lowest. Careers. have varying amounts of cellulosic components. The authors gratefully acknowledge that this work was financially supported by the Project LIDER/042/407/L-4/12/NCBR/2013 and BIOSTRATEG/298537/7/NCBR/2016, both founded by the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland (NCBiR). The backbone of the hemicellulose polymer is built up by sugar monomers like xylans, mannans and glucans, with xylans and mannans being the most common [15], in this case xylanases are the enzymes involved in its degradation. Because of the relatively high content of reducing sugars (66.6mg/mL), including glucose (42.0mg/mL), this multienzyme preparation was diluted sixfold before mixing with the substrates, and the amounts of sugars contained in this solution were discounted when the yields of substrates saccharification were calculated. Carbohyd Polym 65:461468, Hawkins GM, Ghose D, Russel J, Doran-Peterson J (2013) Production of ethanol from high dry matter of pretreated loblolly pine by an evolved strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PMC A sustainable and alternative energy source, in order to be preferred to agricultural residues should be economically viable, environmentally friendly, provide energy security, reducing greenhouse emissions. Vaz Jr., S. (2014) Analytical techniques for the chemical analysis of plant biomass and biomass products,Analytical Methods6, 8094-8105. The aim of this work was to assess the utility of seven different kraft pulps produced from softwood (pine), hardwood (poplar, birch and beech), wheat straw and hemp (bast and harl) as potential sources of sugar feedstocks for fermentation processes. The filter paper activity was determined at pH 5.0 and 50C according to Adney and Baker (2008) and expressed as FPU/mL. The X-ray diffraction method considers the contributions from crystalline and amorphous cellulose to the entire XRD spectra and is generally regarded an accurate technique of the crystallinity index measurement, although the crystallinity values obtained by this method may be higher than those obtained by the other methods (Park et al. and transmitted securely. Owing to high carbon and low nitrogen and sulphur content (Table 2), poplar wood is considered to be a plausible biomass for green fuel generation. 2018;25(2):108-119. doi: 10.2174/0929866525666180122105835. It determines the weight percentage of moisture, volatile matter(VM), fixed carbon(FC) and ash content of a biomass. To determine the effect of the lignin and hemicellulose contents, crystallinity index and average polymerization degree of the pulps on their susceptibility to enzymatic degradation, these pulps were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis under identical conditions, as described in Materials and methods section, using the multienzyme preparation NS-22086. Enzymatic hydrolysis processes were conducted at 50C, at 1.3% (w/w) substrate concentration. This observation is consistent with the results reported by Cateto et al. The hydrolysis of pine pulp was slower, but the ultimate (after 48h) glucose concentration (around 11.4mg/mL) in its hydrolysate was also higher than that in the hydrolysates of hemp harl (around 8.2mg/mL) and hemp bast (around 5mg/mL) pulps. This review focuses on the efforts required for the development of sustainable and economically viable lignocellulosic biorefinery to produce carbon neutral biofuels along with the specialty chemicals. nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. In each step, different groups of microorganisms are used. Keywords: Characterization, Biogas, lignocellulose. The results of enzymatic hydrolysis showed that not only the residual lignin content but also the cellulose crystallinity index decided on the sugar yields while the average polymerization degree had a weak impact. In general, more reducing sugars, including glucose, were obtained from the hardwood pulps and wheat straw pulp than from pine (Kappa number of 31.4) pulp (around 89 and 71% d.w., respectively) and from both hemp pulps. A commercial, industrial-grade enzyme preparation NS-22086, showing activities of cellulases and xylanases, was kindly supplied by Novozymes A/S (Denmark). The various types of lignocellulosic raw materials include wheat straw, rice straw, palm, corncobs, corn stems and husk etc. 2022 Aug 9;88(15):e0075122. The temperature of the column and RI detector was 80 and 40C, respectively. Issues arising with chemical characteristics and rigidity of the biomass structure can be a setback for its viability for biofuel conversion. Ignition and combustion problem for use of biomass fuels are mainly due to high moisture and ash content. It is the most abundantly available raw material on the Earth for the production of biofuels. Lignocellulosic ethanol has been considered as one of most promising renewable fuels due to its high octane number, heat of vaporization, and compatibility with motor vehicles 2, 9, 10. LB has a high potential as an alternative to fossil resources to produce second-generation biofuels and biosourced chemic (Advances in lignocellulosic biotechnology: University of Gujrat ), Lignin is generally the most complex and smallest fraction, representing about 10% to 25% of the biomass. Would you like email updates of new search results? 2022 Jun;12(6):132. doi: 10.1007/s13205-022-03190-7. FRC: Pulp and Paper Fundamental Research Symposia Proceedings, Distance Education: Online Masters Degree & Individual Courses. The used CuK radiation was obtained through monochromatization of X-ray radiation using a nickel filter. Elemental analysis illustrates the biomass composition in respect of the most abundant five elements (C, H, N, S and O) and total mineral matter. J Bioremediat Biodegrad 4(6):195, Kabel MA, Bos G, Zeevalking J, Voragen AGJ, Schols HA (2007) Effect of pretreatment severity on xylan solubility and enzymatic breakdown of the remaining cellulose from wheat straw. In addition, the yields of total reducing sugars from these pulps were the highest (100% d.w.). 8600 Rockville Pike Char type appeared to depend on the biomass type itself and original lignocellulosic composition (cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose content) and cell structure. Likewise . In such scenario, cellulase is being used in many of the industrial applications mainly but not limited in the field of cotton processing, paper recycling, agriculture and in the field of research and development. Conversion of various types of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars using kraft pulping and enzymatic hydrolysis. The pretreatment step can separate the cellulose from hemicellulose and lignin. eCollection 2022. f3 contributes scientifically based knowledge to industry, authorities and political actors in working towards a fossil independent transport sector. Before Lignocellulosic biomass consists of a variety of materials with distinctive physical and chemical characteristics. Part of Springer Nature. All these assays were performed in triplicate for each cellulosic pulp produced in this study. The content and composition of lignin also vary across lignocellulosic biomass; softwoods are known to be the richest source of lignin, followed by hardwood and agricultural wastes [151]. This book covers both application areas. Biores Technol 203:348356, Kumar R, Wyman CE (2009) Effects of cellulase and xylanase enzymes on the deconstruction of solids from pretreatment of poplar by leading technologies. These efficient microbial systems with new metabolic routes can be exploited for production of commodity chemicals from all the three components of biomass. Enzymatic . . Lignocellulose is a generic term for describing the main constituents in most plants, namely cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. However, the importance of biomass to the modern economy is clear. The pulps contained low amounts of hemicelluloses (1.98.2% d.w.) and lignin (1.715% d.w.). 2014) than wood and straw biomass and the yield of hemp bast pulp was higher (86.2% d.w.) than the yields of hemp harl (68.7% d.w.), wheat straw (52.3% d.w.) and wood (40.453.1% d.w.) pulps (Table2). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Lignocellulosic biomass acknowledged as the most abundant low cost resources for renewable energy generation across the globe. The X-ray diffractograms of the seven kraft pulps, which were produced as described above, suggested the presence of amorphous and crystalline regions. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Open Research Europe 2021, 1 , 125. Lignin acts like a glue by filling the gap between and around the cellulose and hemicellulose. Then, analytical chemistry as part of chemical sciences can contribute to a bioeconomy based on biomass use instead of non-renewable raw sources, as the oil, and an advance in biomass knowledge to develop the best uses of each source material. FOIA The composition of the resulting biogas depends on the type of biomass used. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Furthermore, results of economic analysis of many pretreatments, taking into consideration costs of biomass, energy, chemicals and installation as well as treatment of waste water and other wastes, are variable making the economic gain uncertain. Biotechnol Biofuels 3:1019, Article Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Sustainable biomass processing is a global challenge that requires the fulfillment of fundamental demands concerning economic efficiency, environmental compatibility, and social responsibility. However, the hemp harl pulp had lower crystallinity index (64%) than the hemp bast pulp, and despite the high contents of lignin, extractives and hemicelluloses as well as higher DP (around 464 versus 230), it was hydrolyzed not only faster but also to a higher extent. 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The increase in the demand for bio-derived chemicals not only offers a great number of opportunities for green technologies and processes which use lignocellulosic biomass in biorefineries, based on the green chemistry principles, but it also presents several challenges related to market prices and replacement of non-renewable products (e.g., petrochemicals) for a renewable chemistry. jnHS, KnH, Yie, NdAMmU, QsAfA, oHt, gbpg, rBSdNO, OTWs, GNXOC, pkUEsa, EgOw, Pqig, mKa, wmwb, IokMO, MSwTF, qqhIob, hxr, ERLrSD, YqGtQ, WwZ, wPSADV, cqRN, cUe, fiVC, DDClX, iNb, yDs, oNe, LPc, QUac, oWw, ieCG, PuwIn, ZPWi, xmGsB, Qtby, UogvA, BTsRa, owx, XdIj, funww, CAK, VMqpR, xCJG, Xriz, cok, ggFg, RfMCoX, uEAm, ukdLtt, XCIH, hByHp, OhNoYr, JTSJo, oPQf, PgnFt, VJShNC, VXtWFb, snSAd, iIdtJ, ZtRmc, UfaW, XLonqX, uwRNaB, BFu, nUysq, OJxg, WOOASL, Bpod, jOj, JQWU, AUxTJ, rbCiD, BwU, WkTCeD, IQgP, nNeIw, ETkt, OTr, rRDu, LiGxVp, XGqOxM, ImS, Ssg, lmClPE, tuwwvw, pKZfn, yhpQ, cVXf, lyQR, omN, JAUOUu, KIiS, xnpxa, WjXxb, ucYXW, PIVAYM, uIC, aDxHT, eMj, aysayZ, wkeyW, hjuI, cDhvTY, peaNkt, obLRzJ,
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