It is a matter of contention, among historians, whether the hoplite used the spear overarm or underarm. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices. Harta ateilor din Romnia", "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe", "First Public Mentions of the Bah' Faith", "The Bah' Faith in the United Kingdom -A Brief History", https://web.archive.org/web/20080226160421/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v1f1/v1f1a064.html, "100 Years of the Bah' Faith in Europe", "Notes on the Bb and Bah' Religions in Russia and its Territories", Religious Composition by Country, 20102050, The Global Religious Landscape A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010, Global Christianity A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population, "In Europa leben gegenwrtig knapp 53 Millionen Muslime", "Life in North Cyprus: General Information on North Cyprus", "Religion, Secularism and the Veil in daily life", "Census of population, households and dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2013: Final results", "Religious Composition by Country, 20102050", "Popis stanovnitva, domainstava i stanova u Crnoj Gori 2011. godine", "Entre 5 et 6 Millions de Musulmans en France", "5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe", The Construct of Identity in Hellenistic Judaism: Essays on Early Jewish Literature and History, "CSA dcrypte Le catholicisme en France", "Eurobarometer 73.1: Biotechnology Report 2010", "Eurobarometer 225: Social values, Science & Technology", "WHY EASTERN GERMANY IS THE MOST GODLESS PLACE ON EARTH", "East Germany the 'most atheistic' of any region", "Two-thirds of people in Netherlands have no religious faith", "Atheism: Contemporary Rates and Patterns", 2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales, "Populations by religious organizations 19982013", "Constitution de la Principaut, Article 9", "Statistics Iceland Statistics Population Religious organisations", "U.S.Religious Landscape Survey Religious Affiliation: Diverse and Dynamic", Buddhism fastest growing religion in West, "Vipassana Foundation Buddhists around the world", "The Buddhist World: Spread of Buddhism to the West", Contemporary Buddhist Revival in Kalmykia: Survey of the Present State of Religiosity | AsiaPortal Infocus, "Hindu school is first to make vegetarianism a condition of entry", "Jain Origins and Key Organisations in the UK", A Brief Introduction to Jainism | religion | resources, UK | Wales | South East Wales | Sikhs celebrate harvest festival, Sikhs in Germany Seek Meeting with German Leaders on Turban Issue, Eurel: sociological and legal data on religions in Europe and beyond, Sovereign states and dependent territories, Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia (CUBKR), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Europe&oldid=1118570333, Articles with dead external links from February 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2022, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Pages using bar box without float left or float right, Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from August 2017, All articles that are excessively detailed, Wikipedia articles with style issues from August 2017, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from February 2016, Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 20%29% (Norway, Czech Republic, United Kingdom, Finland), 30%39% (France, Netherlands, Belgium, Bulgaria, Russia, Belarus, Luxembourg, Hungary, Albania, Latvia), 40%49% (Germany, Switzerland, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain), 50%59% (Azerbaijan, Serbia, Ireland, Austria), 70%79% (Croatia, Montenegro, Greece, Portugal, Italy, Poland, Cyprus, North Macedonia), 80%89% (Turkey, Romania, Malta, Armenia, Moldova, Bosnia and Herzegovina), Some parts of Eastern Europe were secularized as a matter of state doctrine under, This page was last edited on 27 October 2022, at 19:09. [80] The Jewish population of Europe in 2010 was estimated to be approximately 1.4 million (0.2% of European population) or 10% of the worlds Jewish population. In Finland, both the Finnish Orthodox Church and the Lutheran Church are official. Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323BC. After Alexander's death he was defeated by Eumenes and crucified in 322BC, but his son, AriarathesII managed to regain the throne and maintain his autonomy against the warring Diadochi. As discussed above, hoplites were a solution to the armed clashes between independent city-states. : . [15], After a brief discussion with Hermes, Achilles sits in silent mourning over Patroclus. Some countries nevertheless show increase of theism over the period, Italy 84.1%:87.8%, Denmark 57.8%:62.1%. Clytemnestra calls in Aegisthus to learn the news. Besides a few missing lines, the Oresteia of 458 BC is the only complete trilogy of Greek plays by any playwright still extant (of Proteus, the satyr play which followed, only fragments are known). [9] However, the language has also been influenced by the nearby Persian, Caucasian, and Turkish languages. In Estonia and Latvia, 20% Other religions represented in Europe include: Results of a 2008/2009 Gallup survey on whether respondents said that religion was "important in [their] daily life.". Astrology was widely associated with the cult of Tyche (luck, fortune), which grew in popularity during this period. Succeeding his father, Alexander took over the Persian war himself. Due to its remote, mountainous character, Arcadia seems to have been a cultural refuge. The Foreign Policy of MithridatesVI Eupator, King of Pontus, p. 17. Sheppard argues in the second half of his Aeschylus and Sophocles: Their Work and Influence that Aeschylus and Sophocles have played a major part in the formation of dramatic literature from the Renaissance to the present, specifically in French and Elizabethan drama. Helmets were often painted as well. The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC by D. M. Lewis (Editor), John Boardman (Editor), Simon Hornblower (Editor), M. Ostwald (Editor), Dalmatia: research in the Roman province 19702001: papers in honour of J.J by David Davison, Vincent L. Gaffney, J. J. Wilkes, Emilio Marin, 2006, p. 21, "completely Hellenised town". It is noted that these events were catered for both the female and male audiences. Muslims make up 99% of the population in Turkey,[59] Northern Cyprus,[60][61] 96% in Kosovo,[62] 56% in Albania,[63][64] 51% in Bosnia and Herzegovina,[65] 32.17% in North Macedonia,[66][67] 20% in Montenegro,[68] between 10 and 15% in Russia,[69] 79% in France,[70][71][72] 8% in Bulgaria,[73] 6% in the Netherlands, 5% in Denmark, United Kingdom and Germany,[74][75][76] just over 4% in Switzerland and Austria, and between 3 and 4% in Greece. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. ", "The cost of language, Pontiaka trebizond Greek", "Jason and the Argot: Land where Greece's Ancient Language Survives", "I tafttita tis oftikis pontiaks: Mia glossologik melti ton pign kai ton omilitn tis", "News and Events: Endangered language opens window on to past", "Pontic Greek (Trabzon Of dialect) - Turkish Dictionary (tr)", "OPSEIS TIS EKPAIDEUSIS KAI TIS KOINONIAS TON ELLINON", Committee for Pontian Studies ( ), Trebizond Greek: A language without a tongue, The language of the mountains - the Rumca dialect of Srmene, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&oldid=1118996600, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Articles needing additional references from February 2020, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. the Eastern group, which is again subdivided into: Soviet Rumaiic, a Soviet variant of the Pontic Greek language spoken by the Pontic Greek population of the. When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, the latter laid siege to Athens and razed the city. The Peloponnesian War: A Military Study (Warfare and History) by J. F. Lazenby,2003, p. 224, " number of strongholds, and he made himself useful fighting 'the Thracians without a king' on behalf of the more Hellenized Thracian kings and their Greek neighbours (Nepos, Alc. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, or possibly earlier. Another important figure is the astronomer Hipparchus, who used Babylonian astronomical data and discovered the phenomena of Earth's precession. Buddhism is thinly spread throughout Europe, and the fastest growing religion in recent years[110][111] with about 3 million adherents. In another twenty years, the Macedonian kingdom was no more. Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. The fragmented political structure of Ancient Greece, with many competing city-states, increased the frequency of conflict, but at the same time limited the scale of warfare. After the Second Punic War, the Romans looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans, and to curb the expansion of Philip V of Macedon. [118][119] The most characteristic product of Hellenistic mathematics was the theory of conic sections, reaching its greatest achievement in the work of Apollonius. Hakan zkan (Westflische Wilhelms-Universitt), This page was last edited on 30 October 2022, at 05:02. This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. [20] Catholics are the largest Christian group in EU, accounting for 41% of EU population, while Eastern Orthodox make up 10%, and Protestants make up 9%, and other Christians account for 4% of the EU population. A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, and Sweden has been noted, despite a concurrent increase in some countries like Greece (2% in 1 year). - (, , , , , ). Cicero was educated in Athens and Mark Antony in Rhodes. [clarification needed] The Titan Prometheus is bound to a rock throughout, which is his punishment from the Olympian Zeus for providing fire to humans. Harmodius and Aristogeiton who became known as the Tyrannicides () for their assassination of the ancient Greek tyrant Hipparchus. Modern revival movements of these religions include Heathenism, Rodnovery, Romuva, Druidry, Wicca, and others. Athens: Archeion Pontou. The ending of the play includes a prediction of the return of Orestes, son of Agamemnon, who will seek to avenge his father. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. 3% refuse to answer or didn't know. With the development of copper between 3900 BCE and 2500 BCE, a flourishing trade brought wealth and prosperity to the island. [125][126], In the life sciences, medicine made significant advances within the framework of the Hippocratic tradition. After 200 years, only much reduced and rather degenerate states remained,[8] until the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt by Rome. Scholars have also suggested several completely lost trilogies, based on known play titles. This had already been a feature of Macedonian kingship, which had priestly duties. debate regarding the authorship of one of them. [122] Netherlands and Germany have a Sikh population of 22,000. [13], The major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience, as the spread of Greek culture was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies. The Arcadians founded numerous towns. Hoplites carried a large concave shield called an aspis (sometimes incorrectly referred to as a hoplon), measuring between 80100 centimetres (3139 in) in diameter and weighing between 6.58 kilograms (1418 lbs). Despite this, traditions of folk religion continued at all times, largely independent from institutional religion or dogmatic theology. These performances were often orchestrated by the royals for their own enjoyment. Footprints in Cyprus: An Illustrated History. In the Republic, Plato quotes the line "God plants a fault in mortals when he wills to destroy a house utterly. Niobe sits in silent mourning on stage during most of the play. Held down like slaves they had shirked and slacked; once they had won their freedom, not a citizen but he could feel like he was labouring for himself[140], Thus, with the decline of the Greek polis, and the establishment of monarchical states, the environment and social freedom in which to excel may have been reduced. The pair kill each other in single combat, and the original ending of the play consisted of lamentations for the dead brothers. Pontic Greek is classified as an Indo-European, Greek language of the Attic-Ionic branch. Ancient Rome is the progenitor of Western civilisation. Greek cities and colonies may have exported Greek art and architecture as far as the Indus, but these were mostly enclaves of Greek culture for the transplanted Greek elite. [64] After the death of PtolemyIV (204BC), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202195BC). Thessaloniki: Afoi Kiriakidi.). [92][93], The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate colonization policies by the successor states, which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces. In the field of philosophy, Diogenes Lartius' Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers is the main source; works such as Cicero's De Natura Deorum also provide some further detail of philosophical schools in the Hellenistic period. In Egypt, Ptolemaic females were well known in terms of court, and during equestrian competitions. This occupation with the inner life, with personal inner liberty and with the pursuit of eudaimonia is what all Hellenistic philosophical schools have in common.[113]. [3] A newer study (released in 2015) found that in the Netherlands there is also an irreligious majority of 68%. However, Athens had now lost her political freedom, and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period. Prometheus is met by Io, a fellow victim of Zeus' cruelty. In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.[66]. Berikashvili, Svetlana. In less than twenty years, Rome had destroyed the power of one of the successor states, crippled another, and firmly entrenched its influence over Greece. Little is known about the prehistoric religion of Neolithic Europe. The works of the major Hellenistic historians Hieronymus of Cardia (who worked under Alexander, AntigonusI and other successors), Duris of Samos and Phylarchus, which were used by surviving sources, are all lost. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (PtolemyII was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The strategic location of Cyprus on the edge of the Near East made it an important cultural cross-roads. [citation needed] Strato III was the last of the dynasty of Diodotus was the last of the line of Diodotus and independent Hellenistic king to rule at his death in 10 AD. The New Testament of the Bible (from: Koine Greek , t bibla, "the books") was written in Koine Greek. The concluding satyr play was The Sphinx. (Tompaidis, D.E. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. [2][14] Because a majority of the population of these districts converted to Islam during the 17th to 19th centuries, some Arabic and Turkish loanwords have been adopted in the language. The Hasmonean Dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war, which coincided with civil wars in Rome. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe, or Berenice. Victory was enforced by ransoming the fallen back to the defeated, called the "Custom of the Greeks". Geographically, ancient Arcadia occupied the highlands at the centre of the Peloponnese. Athens: Archeion Pontou. It follows the Daughters of Nereus, the sea god, who lament Patroclus' death. [23] According to the same study a large majority (83%) of those who were raised as Christians in Western Europe still identify as such, and the remainder mostly self-identify as religiously unaffiliated.[23]. Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence, France. Its capital was the city of Petra, an important trading city on the incense route. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. [29] Aeschylus added a second actor, allowing for greater dramatic variety, while the chorus played a less important role. [98] The city of Pergamon also had a large library and became a major center of book production. The decrease in theism is illustrated in the 1981 and 1999 according to the World Values Survey,[17] both for traditionally strongly theist countries (Spain: 86.8%:81.1%; Ireland 94.8%:93.7%) and for traditionally secular countries (Sweden: 51.9%:46.6%; France 61.8%:56.1%; Netherlands 65.3%:58.0%). It takes its name from the mythological character Arcas, and in Greek mythology it was the home of the gods Hermes and Pan. From 370 BC the capital of Arcadia became Megalopolis. The xiphos usually had a blade around 60 centimetres (24in) long; however, those used by the Spartans were often only 3045 centimetres long. [24] The youth often speak standard Greek as their first language. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. PhilipV, who came to power when Doson died in 221BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. In the following years, during the period of the Hegemony of Thebes, the Theban general Epaminondas reinforced the Arcadian federation in order to form a rival pole to the neighboring Sparta. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including Tarantine cavalry, Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts. The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled, but in many cases, the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations. [3] "Hellenistic" is distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the latter refers to Greece itself, while the former encompasses all ancient territories under Greek influence, in particular the East after the conquests of Alexander the Great. [44] Aeschylus is also said to have made the costumes more elaborate and dramatic, and made his actors wear platform boots (cothurni) to make them more visible to the audience. [41] The Christian culture was one of the more dominant forces to influence Western civilization, concerning the course of philosophy, art, music, science, social structure and architecture. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of AntiochusIII. The use of war elephants also became common. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323322BC) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age Aegean civilization on the island of Crete and other Aegean Islands, whose earliest beginnings were from c. 3500 BC, with the complex urban civilization beginning around 2000 BC, and then declining from c. 1450 BC until it ended around 1100 BC, during the early Greek Dark Ages, part of a wider bronze age collapse around the These policies can also be interpreted as the result of Alexander's possible megalomania[99] during his later years. [41] We learn that Zeus has released the other Titans which he imprisoned at the conclusion of the Titanomachy, perhaps foreshadowing his eventual reconciliation with Prometheus. The satyr play following this trilogy was titled Amymone, after one of the Danaids.[39]. They are included in the "other" Gent, John. ", Church attendance faces decline almost everywhere, "Svenska kyrkans medlemsutveckling r 19722008", "Special Eurobarometer: Social values, Science and Technology", "Religiosity Highest in World's Poorest Nations", "Tot mai muli romni "sau lepadat" de Dumnezeu. 1958. [91] According to the same survey the religiously unaffiliated make up the majority of the population in only two European countries: Czech Republic (76%) and Estonia (60%). Though they mostly fielded Greek citizens or mercenaries, they also armed and drilled local natives as hoplites or rather Macedonian phalanx, like the Machimoi of the Ptolemaic army. Science in the Hellenistic age differed from that of the previous era in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in older civilizations; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander's successors. Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. Arcadia (Greek: ) is a region in the central Peloponnese.It takes its name from the mythological character Arcas, and in Greek mythology it was the home of the gods Hermes and Pan.In European Renaissance arts, Arcadia was celebrated as an unspoiled, harmonious wilderness; as such, it was referenced in popular culture.. [34], The play tells the story of Eteocles and Polynices, the sons of the shamed king of Thebes, Oedipus. [133] The female nude also became more popular as epitomized by the Aphrodite of Cnidos of Praxiteles and art in general became more erotic (e.g., Leda and the Swan and Scopa's Pothos). The oldest person in a group is revered and honoured. Biblical concepts were challenged by concepts such as a heliocentric universe and other scientific challenges to the Bible. Historical Grammar of the Pontic Dialect. [91] He thereby completed the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and transformed the Roman Republic into a monarchy, ending (in hindsight) the Hellenistic era. The people decide that the Danaids deserve protection and are allowed within the walls of Argos despite Egyptian protests. [55][56][57][58] At the height of its power, it included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, today's Turkmenistan, Pamir, and parts of Pakistan. [77] According to a same study conversion does not add significantly to the growth of the Muslim population in Europe, with roughly 160,000 more people leaving Islam than converting into Islam between 2010 and 2016. Roman taxes were imposed, except in Athens and Sparta, and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome's local allies. This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco-Bactrian history. Pyrrhus then turned south and invaded Sicily but was unsuccessful and returned to Italy. Doson led Macedon to victory in the war against the Spartan king Cleomenes III, and occupied Sparta. A plausible reconstruction of the trilogy's last two-thirds runs thus:[38] In The Egyptians, the Argive-Egyptian war threatened in the first play has transpired. The use of Pontic has been maintained more by speakers in North America than it has in Greece.[1]. The Arcadians had their own unique myths, which were mainly centered around Despoina and Demeter. Green, Peter; Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age, p. 11. She renames the Furies The Eumenides (The Good-spirited, or Kindly Ones), and extols the importance of reason in the development of laws. The most famous are the Peltasts, light-armed troops who wore no armour and were armed with a light shield, javelins and a short sword.
Acme Crossword Clue 6 Letters, What Is Electromagnetic Radiation In Spectroscopy, You're Moving Into A New Apartment Weegy, Abbott Samples For Healthcare Professionals, Traditional Irish Potato Recipes, American Safety Institute Phone Number, Carbon Copy Notebooks, What Is The Role Of Sporting Director In Football, 32 Channel Logic Analyzer, 12-lead Ecg Classification Github, Kentucky Republican Party,
