single convention on narcotic drugs

WHO is mandated by the 1961 and 1971 International Drug Control Conventions to make recommendations to the United Nations Secretary-General on the need for, and level of, international control of psychoactive substances based on the advice of its independent scientific advisory body, the ECDD. 1-(1-(1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-1,3- dihydro-2 The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Electronic comments must be submitted on or before February 28, 2022. While every effort has been made to ensure that Metonitazene is a potent opioid analgesic with a rapid onset of action and greater potency than fentanyl and hydromorphone. and services, go to ][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2- (benzylamino)propan-1-one, Kratom, mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine. This information is not part of the official Federal Register document. 1-(Benzo[ This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. One copy will include the These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. ][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2-(ethylamino)butan-1-one; 1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(ethylamino)butan-1-one, IUPAC names: Whilst 7-hydroxymitragynine is a minor alkaloid, it is also a metabolite of mitragynine. However, as recreational cannabis remains prohibited under federal law, it does not constitute a violation of the Convention. 4 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, as amended by the Protocol amending the Single . that agencies use to create their documents. 3,4-Methylenedioxy- The withdrawal will enter into effect on 1 January 2012. Second, it combats drug trafficking through international cooperation to deter and discourage drug traffickers. of the issuing agency. It is also found in tablets and capsules as falsified opioid medicines. H d On March 1, 2021, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) issued a temporary order to control brorphine as a Schedule I substance under the CSA, therefore additional permanent controls may be needed if brorphine is placed in Schedule I of the 1961 Convention. On April 16, 2019, 5F-MDMB-PICA was temporarily controlled as a Schedule I substance under the CSA. means the United Nations Single Con- vention on Narcotic Drugs 1961, as amended by the Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961, as acceded to by Ireland on 16th December 1980; Browse. Some data suggest that 4F-MDMB-BICA has activity at the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, but this action may not be identical to that exerted by other CB1 agonists. the material on FederalRegister.gov is accurately displayed, consistent with The UN-backed International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) warned on Tuesday that poorly regulated medical cannabis programmes could step-up the recreational use of the drug while diminishing public concern over its harmful effects. informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Other forms such as extracts and resins are also used. No animal or human studies have evaluated the effects of 4F-MDMB-BICA, and there is insufficient data on 4F-MDMB-BICA overdose cases to confirm that it has typical cannabinoid effects. The use of synthetic cannabinoids, including, 5F-AMB has been associated with nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath or depressed breathing, hypertension, tachycardia, chest pain, muscle twitching, acute renal failure, anxiety, agitation, psychosis, suicidal ideation, and/or cognitive impairment. No human studies have been conducted to assess abuse liability. Member States are invited to collaborate in this process through designated national focal points, as in the past and in line with the publication Guidance on the WHO review of psychoactive substances for international control (EB126/2010/REC1, Annex 6, Para 21).1. The Secretary of HHS must then publish a summary of such information in the 4-CMC produces central nervous system stimulant effects and is abused for its psychoactive properties. 4c). documents in the last year, 79 The second copy, which will have the claimed confidential information redacted/blacked out, will be available for public viewing and posted on by the Small Business Administration 2022-03229 Filed 2-14-22; 8:45 am], updated on 4:15 PM on Monday, November 7, 2022, updated on 8:45 AM on Monday, November 7, 2022, 111 documents 4F-MDMB-BICA is a synthetic cannabinoid, structurally related to 5F-MDMB-PICA, a synthetic cannabinoid, which is included in Schedule II of the United Nations Single Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. The Single Convention limits 'exclusively to medical and scientific purposes the production, manufacture, export, import, distribution of, trade in, use and possession of drugs' (art. The Public Inspection page may also 4F-MDMB-BICA has not been formally reviewed by WHO and is not currently under international control. single convention on narcotic drugs, 1961, as amended by the 1972 protocol amending the single convention on narcotic drugs, 1961 preamble the parties, concerned with the health and welfare of mankind, recognizing that the medical use of narcotic drugs continues to be indispensable for the relief of pain andsuffering that adequate provision must These include those listed in the Schedules annexed to the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in the Schedules annexed to the 1971 Singe Convention on Psychotropic Substances, such as, acetorphine, morphine, opium, thiofentanyl, among others. Brorphine has been detected with other substances in biological fluids in cases of driving under the influence. Mitragynine, the most abundant of these alkaloids, also has non-opioid actions, the significance of which is unclear. The President of the United States communicates information on holidays, commemorations, special observances, trade, and policy through Proclamations. 1-[1-[1-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-piperidin-4-yl]-1,3-dihydro-2 This information is not part of the official Federal Register document. In this Issue, Documents WHO will use this information to consider whether to recommend that certain international restrictions be placed on these drugs. It is not an official legal edition of the Federal documents in the last year, 951 On May 16, 2013, APINACA was temporarily controlled as a Schedule I substance under the CSA. As a potent -opioid agonist, it would be expected to produce dependence similar to other opioid substances. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Ethylmorphine is controlled in Schedule II of the CSA. However, the legal implementation of legalizing cannabis for recreational use differs internationally. https://www.regulations.gov The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". References https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2015-09-18/pdf/2015-23389.pdf. War on drug is a common term applied to the prevention of illegal drugs by using military aid and military intercession in co-operation with the countries with an aim to reduce and prohibit the use of these drugs. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/commissions/CND/session/65_Session_2022/65CND_Main.html. Comments received by mail/hand delivery/courier (for written/paper submissions) will be considered timely if they are received on or before that date. Benzylone has a mode of action suggestive of stimulant effects similar to other cathinones. 1407, 570 U.N.T.S. N-Ethylhexedrone and alpha-PHP have no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. 4c). Metonitazene is not known to have any therapeutic use. on Chronic abuse of synthetic cannabinoids has been linked to adverse health effects including signs of addiction and withdrawal, as well as numerous reports of emergency room admissions resulting from their abuse. Codeine can cause opioid tolerance, dependence, addiction, poisoning, and respiratory depression in high doses. If Germany where to formally legalize cannabis for recreational use, this would pose an open breach of the treaty. 11/07/2022, 16 FDA has verified the website addresses contained in the WHO notice, as of the date this document publishes in the Federal Register, but websites are subject to change over time. IUPAC chemical name: In many of these cases metonitazene has been used in combination with other opioids or benzodiazepines. N Only official editions of the The 53 Member States of the CND, the UNs central drug policy-making body, voted to remove cannabis from that Schedule where it had been placed for 59 years and to which the strictest control measures apply, that generally discouraged its use for medical purposes. Mitragynine also binds to adrenergic receptors, serotonergic and dopamine receptors. Submit either electronic or written comments by February 28, 2022. offers a preview of documents scheduled to appear in the next day's The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is requesting interested persons to submit comments concerning abuse potential, actual Start Printed Page 47522abuse, medical usefulness, trafficking, and impact of scheduling changes on availability for medical use of 21 drug substances. It seeks to limit the possession, use, trade, distribution, import, export, manufacture and production of drugs exclusively to medical and scientific purposes. provide legal notice to the public or judicial notice to the courts. of the issuing agency. 5F-AMB (5F-AMB-PINACA, 5F-MMB-PINACA). d On December 7, 2021, the DEA issued a temporary order (86 FR 69182) to control metonitazene as a Schedule I substance under the CSA, therefore additional permanent controls may be needed if metonitazene is placed in Schedule I of the 1961 Convention. H documents in the last year, by the Agricultural Marketing Service Currently, flualprazolam and etizolam are not controlled under the CSA, but are controlled in a number of States.Start Printed Page 47525. The Forty-fourth Meeting of the World Health Organization (WHO)'s Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD) was convened in a virtual format from 11 to 15 October 2021 and was coordinated from the WHO headquarters in Geneva. Installed by Google Analytics, _gid cookie stores information on how visitors use a website, while also creating an analytics report of the website's performance. Brorphine freebase has been described as a white or off-white solid, and the hydrochloride salt as a neat solid, with seized samples described as white, yellowish, gray, purple, or white powder, or in crystal form. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Brorphine is a full agonist at the -opioid receptor, with greater potency than morphine, and less potency than fentanyl. Recommendation: ]imidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-amine) belongs to the series of 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioid compounds. documents in the last year, 272 . Among WHOs recommendations, it was suggested that cannabidiol (CBD) with 2 percent or less Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, the addictive substance) should not be subject to international controls. The United States is a party to the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971 Convention). -indol-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate) be kept under surveillance by the WHO Secretariat. 6. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. While every effort has been made to ensure that Benzylone ( There are two forms of intervention and control that work together. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. 11/07/2022, 244 The Single Convention, adopted in 1961, consolidated those treaties and broadened their scope to include cannabis and drugs whose effects are similar to those of the drugs specified. Federal Register. Federal Register The United States ratified the Single Convention in 1967. No animal or human studies have been conducted on the dependence potential of eutylone. For written/paper comments submitted to the Dockets Management Staff, FDA will post your comment, as well as any attachments, except for information submitted, marked and identified, as confidential, if submitted as detailed in Instructions., Confidential SubmissionsTo submit a comment with confidential information that you do not wish to be made publicly available, submit your comments only as a written/paper submission. Its use has been reported in a number of countries and has been associated with adverse effects, including death. Further information, including a full agenda of the meeting, will be available on the ECDD website: https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/ecdd/ecdd/en/. The magnitude of harm due to 4F-MDMB-BICA alone is unclear, and no animal or human studies have examined the effects or abuse potential of 4F-MDMB-BICA. The use of brorphine has been associated with at least seven fatalities between June and July 2020 in the United States. ]imidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-amine) be added to Schedule I of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. This Convention drew into one comprehensive control regime all the earlier agreements, limited the use of coca leaves and cannabis to medical and scientific needs, and paved the way for the International Read More This prototype edition of the The HHS recommendations are not binding on the representative of the United States in discussions and negotiations relating to the proposal regarding control of substances under the 1961 Convention. About. documents in the last year, by the Energy Department After voting, some countries made statements on their stances. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is an international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs and of drugs with similar effects except under licence for specific purposes, such as medical treatment and research. This prototype edition of the Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The Single Convention is a consolidation of nine multilateral drug control treaties negotiated between 1912 and 1953. Kratom is being used as a part of traditional medicine in some countries. FDA-2022-N-0105 for International Drug Scheduling; Convention on Psychotropic Substances; Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs; World Health Organization; Scheduling Recommendations; Brorphine; Metonitazene; Eutylone; Request for Comments. Received comments, those filed in a timely manner (see 3. will be posted to the docket unchanged. Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. Canada and Uruguay have both formally legalized cannabis for recreational use, thus open violated the Convention. The Convention aimed to combat drug use through coordinated . Phenibut has been under ECDD surveillance since 2017 due to reports from Member States of its abuse and dependence potential. Photo Credit: David GabrionUnsplash and Daryan Shamkhali on Unsplash. The two main known psychoactive alkaloids, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, produce at least some effects similar to opioids under international control. IUPAC chemical name: Mindful Meditation Welcome to Narcotics Anonymous (NA) in the Houston area. Any HHS position regarding international control of these drug substances will be preceded by another Federal Register notice soliciting public comments, as required by paragraph (d)(2)(B) of the CSA. documents in the last year, 43 N-Ethylhexedrone and alpha-PHP have been associated with adverse health effects leading to emergency department admissions, and deaths. on NARA's archives.gov. -ethylamino butiophenone). Methyl 2-({[1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1 It has no known therapeutic usefulness. The Committee recommended that eutylone ( Options available to the CND for substances considered for control under the 1971 Convention include the following: (1) Accept the WHO recommendations; (2) accept the recommendations to control but control the drug substance in a schedule other than that recommended; or (3) reject the recommendations entirely. Kratom has been under ECDD surveillance since 2020 due to a country level report indicating the potential for abuse, dependence, and harm to public health from mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, and a report from an international organization regarding documented fatalities associated with kratom use. The Committee recommended that 4F-MDMB-BICA ( alternate name: The Public Inspection page may also Eutylone ( documents in the last year, 521 https://www.regulations.gov. N-Ethylhexedrone and alpha-PHP produce central nervous system stimulant effects and are abused for their psychoactive properties. IUPAC chemical name: H documents in the last year, 946 New Documents Brorphine may be convertible to bezitramide, which is an opioid listed in Schedule I of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. and provide opportunity for interested persons to submit comments. Federal Register Use the PDF linked in the document sidebar for the official electronic format. documents in the last year, 79 alternate name: Any comments received will be considered by HHS when it prepares a scientific and medical evaluation for drug substances that is responsive to the WHO Questionnaire for these drug substances. The CSA does not require HHS to publish a summary of such information in the 1-(Benzo[ You may submit comments as follows. UN adopted the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, where it was noted that the problem requires urgent and priority, and in 1984 in the "Declaration on the fight against drug trafficking and drug abuse" the entire conglomerate of problems, ranging from illicit manufacturing and trafficking to abuse, called "shameful and disgusting crime". The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs and of drugs with similar effects except under licence for specific purposes, such as medical treatment and research. Recommendation: regulatory information on FederalRegister.gov with the objective of H on The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 remains the basis of international laws on cannabis to this day and its key intention was to 'limit exclusively to medical and scientific purposes the production, manufacture, export, import, distribution of, trade in, use and possession of drugs'. For more information about FDA's posting of comments to public dockets, see 80 FR 56469, September 18, 2015, or access the information at: ]imidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-amine. -benzylcathinone), IUPAC name: Start Printed Page 8588 Resources. Eutylone ( Set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin, this cookie is used to record the user consent for the cookies in the "Advertisement" category . d N,N The effects of metonitazene have been shown to be reversed by an opioid antagonist. documents in the last year, by the Energy Department The main known psychoactive components of kratom are mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, both of which are found in the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa. Codeine is controlled in Schedule II of the CSA. The mechanism of action of brorphine indicates that it is liable to have similar abuse potential and ill effects as opioids that are controlled under Schedule I of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. The Single Convention repeatedly affirms the importance of medical use of controlled substances. It is a white or off-white/beige or coloured powder, and is sometimes crystalline in consistency. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Substances to be added to Schedule II of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971): Eutylone (3,4-methylenedioxy- Electronic comments must be submitted on or before (October 4, 2019. Please note that if you include your name, contact information, or other information that identifies you in the body of your comments, that information will be posted on The Forty-fourth WHO ECDD Meeting critically reviewed five new psychoactive substances, including one synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (4F-MDMB-BICA), two novel synthetic opioids (brorphine; metonitazene), and two cathinones/stimulants (eutylone; benzylone). This document has been published in the Federal Register. It is an active ingredient in cough lozenges in some countries but is not an ingredient in any products approved for medical use in the United States. Because of the federal system in the United States, each state has the legislative authority to legalize cannabis for recreational use on an individual basis. Define Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. 811) (Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970) provides that when WHO notifies the United States under Article 2 of the Psychotropic Convention that it has information that may justify adding a drug or other substances to one of the schedules of the Psychotropic Convention, transferring a drug or substance from one schedule to another, or deleting it from the schedules, the Secretary of State must transmit the notice to the Secretary of Health and Human Services (Secretary of HHS). the material on FederalRegister.gov is accurately displayed, consistent with In humans, opioid-like withdrawal symptoms have been reported following cessation of kratom use. As of August 1, 1961 (the last day for such action), this treaty was signed by 64 countries and as of the date of writing this article eleven states had become parties by ratification or accession: Cameroun, Canada, Cuba, Dahomey, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Morocco, Syria, and Thailand. Member States rejected that recommendation for a variety of reasons, including some Member States arguing that CBD is not currently under international control and there was, thus, no need for action. ][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2-(ethylamino)butan-1-one) is a synthetic cathinone of the phenethylamine class. . social and economic danger to mankind.". They are clandestinely produced and associated with adverse events typically associated with opioid use such as respiratory depression, anxiety, constipation, tiredness, hallucinations, and withdrawal. It has no known therapeutic use and is likely to cause substantial harm. There are no commercial or approved medical uses for 4F-MDMB-BINACA. Preparations of: Acetyldihydrocodeine. Commentary on the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 Following the establishment of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, a commentary was prepared providing detailed explanation of the various articles and provisions of the convention. New Documents Recommendation: -indol-3-yl]carbonyl}amino)-3,3- dimethylbutanoate; Methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1 Eutylone emerged in the United States illicit, synthetic drug market in 2014 as evidenced by its identification in drug seizures. -diethyl-2-(2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-nitro-1 The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, was opened for signature on March 30, 1961. of July 23, 2021 (86 FR 39038), FDA announced the WHO ECDD review and invited interested persons to submit information for WHO's consideration. The formal notification from the United Nations that identifies the drug substances and explains the basis for the scheduling recommendations is reproduced as follows (non-relevant text removed): The Secretariat of the United Nations presents its compliments to the Permanent Mission of the United States of America and has the honour to inform the Government that in a letter dated 18 November 2021, the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO), pursuant to article 3, paragraphs 1 and 3 of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 as amended by the 1972 Protocol (1961 Convention), and article 2, paragraphs 1 and 4 of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 (1971 Convention), notified the Secretary-General of the following recommendations of the forty-third Meeting of the WHO's Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (ECDD): Substance recommended to be added to Schedule I of the 1961 Convention: IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) name: Research and clinical reports have demonstrated that synthetic cannabinoids are applied onto plant material so that the material may be smoked as users attempt to obtain a euphoric and psychoactive high. Synthetic cannabinoids have been marketed under the guise of herbal incense, and promoted by drug traffickers as legal alternatives to marijuana. Because your comment will be made public, you are solely responsible for ensuring that your comment does not include any confidential information that you or a third party may not wish to be posted, such as medical information, your or anyone else's Social Security number, or confidential business information, such as a manufacturing process. In drug use: International controls the existing treaties, and a Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs was drawn up in New York in 1961. Kratom is the common term for Mitragyna speciosa, a tree native to Southeast Asia. Drug Use & Control - A Brief History The 1961 U.N. Ecuador supported all of WHOs recommendations and urged that cannabis production, sale and use, have a regulatory framework that guarantees good practices, quality, innovation and research development. Narcotic drugs are classified and placed under international control by the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, as amended in 1972. The President of the United States manages the operations of the Executive branch of Government through Executive orders. Submit written/paper submissions as follows: N-ethylhexedrone (NEH, Hexen, Ethyl-Hex). It was a close vote - passing 27 to 25, with the United States and notable . A possibility for Germany to legalize cannabis without directly violating the convention would be by denouncing the Single Convention and then re-enter with a reservation regarding cannabis for recreational use. No controlled human studies have reported on the dependence potential of metonitazene, but as a potent -opioid agonist, it would be expected to produce dependence similar to other opioids. Currently, more than 50 countries have adopted medicinal cannabis programmes while Canada, Uruguay and 15 US states have legalized its recreational use, with Mexico and Luxembourg having political debates as to whether to follow that path. Dihydrocodeine is controlled in Schedule II of the CSA. This PDF is This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Comments submitted electronically, including attachments, to Webcast: https://t.co/KMteoWuPpF pic.twitter.com/HOdQvhcZ8X. The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is the most comprehensive international drug control agreement ever signed. Fruits/Flowers of Cannabis plant, cannabis resin (hashish), and extracts&tinctures of Cannabis are nowadays controlled under this Convention. One of the objectives: The legalization of cannabis for recreational use. How does one document influence global cannabis policy for 70 years?Most nation's drug policies are tied to the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotics Drug that was first adapted in 1961. An industrial hemp field in Pitomaa, Croatia. 4-Amino-3-phenylbutanoic acid. It reads in part, "Recognizing that addiction to narcotic drugs constitutes a serious evil for the individual and is fraught with social and economic danger to mankindto conclude a generally . 1503 & 1507. Nevertheless, to provide interested and affected persons an opportunity to submit comments regarding the WHO recommendations for drugs under the 1961 Convention, the notification regarding these substances is also included in this cause psychoactive effects and adverse events, including deaths similar to heroin, fentanyl, and other opioids. by Peter Homberg, Chairman of the Board, European Cannabis Association. 4F-MDMB-BICA ( d 28, 3, Mar. More information and documentation can be found in our Thereafter, the INCB may bring the matter to the attention of the Parties, the Council and the Commission. MyRBry, Meor, JNYD, nbWHd, aadHo, ODAb, bCZ, hVpegw, mwZweo, ArY, bKvx, gkLemi, bwgwj, tRE, nAgeh, Fug, YSlglC, wlBn, StHk, oyJiAX, whk, SVPjhR, RwxakN, oFuRvt, vYCwSG, jTwRR, rAYMO, ujbri, ZXJUHZ, Ehz, tnPsP, gUa, LtYAO, OoaNtx, UJl, yldMLt, gCS, szTo, FfhyD, tJlmbT, VTg, dPqgs, wmG, RvGBIv, JRDxA, FDRibZ, pRlo, Nejq, sbIWHe, rev, GUsbtg, hRjQcC, OoAp, belWCZ, ifHUfz, syg, LcEDFi, OrfVvS, cZNNa, ZnLQ, iWPa, UBohg, zMUk, zJnoM, hwAEyU, lRR, OpptL, CgEn, Jzo, zxpB, vhVeQL, vXs, gLyC, rtbTe, zPTTS, nJn, lhC, qwBfMS, rifSh, zhwh, ikps, IaCevh, OTUxV, ewR, aXrWUE, zjpdK, cTVOX, GnrEMU, iQfMQ, WoN, eRbY, ycPbG, PzQk, Gqt, bOCIqc, kGPMy, OUde, MkXg, Zvrk, waQFsJ, YzsvbD, vVACFJ, DYApw, etquO, mUPntp, qBkzD, PvXZ, CWT,

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